1. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Dental Radiography Course Director: Ms. Judy Valdez, R.D.H., B.S.D.H Concorde Career College DH 103, Term III Lecture: Wednesday 9:00-12:00 Lab: Wednesday 1:00-4:00 PM Tuesday & Thursday 1:00-4:00 PM

2. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Chapter 1 History of Dental Radiography

3. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Objectives  Define the key words.  State when x-rays were discovered and by whom.  Trace the history of radiography, noting the prominent contributors.  List two historical developments that made dental x- ray machines safer.

4. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Objectives  Explain how rectangular PIDs reduce patient radiation exposure.  Identify the two techniques used to expose dental radiographs.  List five uses of dental radiographs.  Become aware of other imaging modalities available for use in the detection and evaluation of oral conditions.

5. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Key Words  Bisecting technique  Computed tomography (CT)  Cone  Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)  Cone beam volumetric imaging (CBVI)  Digital imaging  Dosage

6. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Key Words  Dosage  Oral radiography  Panoramic radiography  Paralleling technique  Position indicating device (PID)  Radiograph  Radiography

7. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Key Words  Radiology  Roentgen ray  Roentgenograph  Sensor  Tomography  X-ray  X-ray film

8. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Introduction  Dental radiographs are images or pictures produced by x-rays, remain the basis for many diagnostic procedures and play an essential role in oral health care.  Radiography is the making of radiographs by exposing an image receptor, either film or digital sensor.

9. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Introduction  The purpose of dental radiography is to provide the oral health care team with radiographs of the best possible diagnostic quality.  The goal of dental radiography is to obtain the highest quality radiographs while maintaining the lowest possible radiation exposure risk for the patient.

10. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Discovery of the X-ray  Oral radiology  Study of x-rays and techniques used to produce radiographic images. Professor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x- rays (1895)  X-ray  Initially, “x” represented the unknown  Roentgen ray  Named in honor of Roentgen’s findings.

11. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Discovery of the X-ray  Roentgenograph  The image produced on photosensitive film.  Radiograph  Prefix “radio” and suffix “graph” combined; “radiograph” more commonly used.

12. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 1-2 This famous radiograph, purported to be Mrs. Bertha Roentgen’s hand, was taken on December 22, 1895. (Reprinted with permission from Radiology Centennial, Inc., Copyright 1993) Figure 1-2 This famous radiograph, purported to be Mrs. Bertha Roentgen’s hand, was taken on December 22, 1895. (Reprinted with permission from Radiology Centennial, Inc., Copyright 1993)

13. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson TABLE 1-1 Noteworthy Scientists and Researchers in Dental Radiography

14. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Dental X-ray Machines  Early x-ray machines an electrical hazard  Shockproof dental x-ray machine introduced by Coolidge and General Electric  Pointed cone replaced  Position indicating device (PID)  Panoramic radiography became popular in 1960’s.

15. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Dental X-ray Machines  Tomography scan  Computed tomography scan (CT)  Imaging a single selected plane of tissues; delivers high dosage of radiation  Cone beam volumetric imaging (CBVI) and cone beam computed tomography  Contain lower doses of radiation

16. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 1-3 Comparison of circular and rectangular PIDs. (Image courtesy of Gendex Dental Corporation) Figure 1-3 Comparison of circular and rectangular PIDs. (Image courtesy of Gendex Dental Corporation)

17. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Dental X-ray Film  Early dental x-ray film packets: glass photographic plates wrapped in black paper and rubber dam and exposure time was 25 min  Machine-wrapped dental x-ray film packet first available in 1919 from Kodak.  Emulsion coating: one sided coating required long exposure times; both sides coated now; exposure times much shorter.

18. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Digital Image Receptors  Digital imaging systems replace film as the image receptor with a sensor.  Frances Mouyen — Introduced digital radiography in 1987, called RadioVisioGraphy

19. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Digital Image Receptors  Image sensors today have improved in overall quality:  Reduction in radiation dosage  Elimination in film and processing chemistry  Elimination of film package disposal

20. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Dental X-ray Techniques  Bisecting technique  First and earliest method  Paralleling technique  Preferred technique used in all dental assisting, dental hygiene, and dental schools.

21. FIGURE 1-4 Radiography in a modern oral health care practice. (Image courtesy of Gendex Dental Corporation)

22. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson BOX 1-1 Uses of Dental Radiographs

23. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Advances in Dental Radiographic Imaging  2D and 3D imaging systems assist radiography in moving toward representations of real-life conditions  Computed approach will benefit the quality of oral health care.

24. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Review: Chapter Summary  Professor Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen’s discovery of the x-ray revolutionized the methods of practicing medicine and dentistry  Impact of improved equipment, advanced techniques, and educated personnel

25. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Review: Chapter Summary  Computer and digital sensor continue to be adopted by dental practices as the method of acquiring a dental radiographic image.

26. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Review: Chapter Summary  Digital imaging has many advantages  Basic techniques for acquiring images:  Bisecting  Paralleling  CBVT or CBCT produce 2D and 3D images for dental diagnosis; will be the main modalities for dental imaging in the future.

27. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Recall: Study Questions  General  Chapter Review

28. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Reflect: Case Study  Your patient today tells you that she recently watched a television documentary on the dangers of excess radiation exposure. Based on your reading in this chapter, develop a brief conversation between you and this patient explaining how historical developments have increased dental radiation safety, in order to put the patient at ease.

29. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Relate: Laboratory Application  Proceed to the Radiography Laboratory to complete the Chapter 1 activity.