1. South Africa Struggles for Freedom The policy of apartheid was devastating to the black majority in South Africa. The ANC led a struggle for majority rule. With the help of sanctions from foreign countries, apartheid ended and all South Africans were allowed to vote in 1994, electing ANC leader Nelson Mandela president. Still, black poverty remains high. 1 of 8 Regional Conflicts Section 2: Struggles in Africa Witness History Audio: Recovering From Genocide

2. South Africa’s Neighbors Face Long Conflict Portugal fought to retain its colonies in Angola and Mozambique, while nationalist movements struck with guerilla warfare. Even after independence civil wars raged for years, fueled by the influence of Cold War rivalries. 2 of 8 Regional Conflicts Section 2: Struggles in Africa Color Transparency 195: South Africa Note Taking Transparency 186A Witness History Video: Nelson Mandela and the End of Apartheid

3. Ethnic Conflicts Kill Millions In Rwanda, Burundi, and Sudan, ethnic conflicts led to violence. Rwandan majority Hutus attacked the Tutsi people. Tutsis and Hutus also fought in Burundi. In Sudan, Arab Muslims tried to suppress the non-Muslim black Sudanese. 3 of 8 Regional Conflicts Section 2: Struggles in Africa Note Taking Transparency 186B QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency

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