1. Chapter 6: Meiosis Is The Basis For Sexual Reproduction
Pages

2. 6.1 Meiosis
Pages

3. 6.01 Illustrate and describe the basic processes of cell division
Meiosis
gametes are produced
with half the
chromosomes numbers
as body cells
Occurs in the sex
cells

4. 6.01.1 State and briefly describe the eight phases of meiosis
DNA replication occurs only once during the process of meiosis.
Meiosis I: the result is two daughter cells.
Meiosis II: the result is four haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes.

5. 6.01.1 Meiosis I Prophase I Double stranded chromosomes and
spindle fibers appear.
Chromosomes come
together in matching
pairs.

6. Meiosis I
Metaphase I
The pairs of chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
Their centromeres become attached to the spindle fibers.

7. Meiosis I Anaphase I Each double-stranded chromosome separates
Chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of the cell.

8. Meiosis I Telophase I The cytoplasm divides and two cells form.
Each chromosome is still double-stranded and pulled to each pole of the cell.

9. Meiosis II begins Prophase II
The double-stranded chromosomes and spindle fibers reappear in each cell.

10. Meiosis II Metaphase II
The double-stranded chromosomes move to the center of the cell.
The centromeres attach to spindle fibers.

11. Meiosis II
Anaphase II
The centromere divides, and the chromosome separate.
Sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell.

12. Meiosis II Telophase II A nuclear membrane forms around the
Chromosomes.
Each nucleus contains
only half the number of
chromosomes

13. Vidoes…Meiosis

14. Meiosis Summary
Give hand-out with summary of meiosis

15. Define haploid
Half the genetic content (n)

16. Define Diploid
Genetic material is equal to the parent
Full genetic content (2n)

17. 6.02 Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.
In body cells
Two daughter cells
Same number of chromosomes as parent cell
Asexual reproduction
In sex organs to produce sex cells
Four daughter cells
Half number of chromosomes as parent cell
Sexual reproduction

18. 6.02 Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.

19. 6.03 Organize data using format that is appropriate to the experiment
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Core Lab Activity
6-1B (pages )

20. 6.04 Compile and display data using a variety of formats
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Core Lab Activity
6-1B (pages )

21. 6.05 Receive, understand, and act on the ideas of others
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Core Lab Activity
6-1B (pages )

22. 6.06 Work cooperatively members to carry out a planned activity
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
Core Lab Activity
6-1B (pages )

23. 6.2 Sexual Reproduction
Pages

24. 6.07 Distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction in organisms.
Bacteria
Virsus
Plants
Rarely animals
Sexual Reproduction
Plants (seeds)
Most Land Animals
Internal Fertilization
Most Aquatic Animals
External Fertilization

25. 6.08 Explain how various organisms reproduce sexually
Mosses
External fertilization
Water allows the egg and sperm cells to meet
Reproduces both sexually and asexually

26. 6.08 continued… Flowering Plants Pollination Transfer of male
gametes in structures
called pollen to the
female structure of the
plant.

27. Pollination
Bees and other insects
Fruit bats
Wind
Water
After fertilization, seeds are often protected in fruit or cones.
Seeds contain the fertilized eggs or plant embryos

28. 6.08 continued… Insects Internal Fertilization In many insects, the
male deposits a
package of sperm
inside the female.
Insects often change between hatching and adulthood
This change in form is called metamorphosis.
Metamorphosis can be incomplete or complete.

29. 6.09 Compare and contrast complete and incomplete metamorphosis
Three stages
The adult, egg and the nymph
The adult and nymph resemble one another

30. 6.09 Compare and contrast complete and incomplete metamorphosis
Four stages
The adult, egg, pupa and larva
Adult and larva look completely different

32. 6.10 Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction
One parent cell
Cell divides
Very little variation in offspring
Very little energy required
Little or no parental care
Two parent cells
2 sex cells unite to form zygote
Greater variation in offspring
Large amount of energy required
Lot of parental care involved in raising offspring

33. 6.3 Human Reproductive Systems
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34. 6.11 Compare the structure and function of the human reproductive system.

35. 6.11.1 Identify the major parts of the male reproductive system
Penis…male external sex organ
Vas Deferens…two tubes that sperm travel through from testicles to urethra
Scrotum…supports and regulates temperature of testicles during sperm production

36. continued…
Testicles…gland which produces male hormone (testosterone) and male sex cell (sperm)
Epididymis…comma-shaped structure located on testicles where sperm are stored and transported to vas deferens

37. 6.11.2 Identify the major parts of the female reproductive system.
Vagina…muscular tube which expands to fit penis and birth of baby
Cervix…narrow inner part of vagina which leads to uterus
Uterus…muscular tube which nourishes and holds the fetus

38. 6.11.2 Identify the major parts of the female reproductive system.
Ovary…produces female hormones (estrogen and progesterone) and female sex cell (egg)
Oviduct…two tubes which allow eggs to travel from ovaries to the uterus. Site of fertilization.

39. Fertilization First Trimester Second trimester Third Trimester
6.12 Describe major stages of development from conception to early infancy.
Fertilization
First Trimester
Second trimester
Third Trimester

40. 1. Fertilization Occurs in fallopian tube
Egg and sperm unite to form zygote
Zygote moves to implant in uterine lining
Embryo is term used for first 8 weeks

41. 2. First Trimester At 8 weeks, embryo is called fetus
Organ systems begin to develop
Zygote is now called embryo
All major organs are formed by end of 12 weeks.

42. 3. Second Trimester Rapid growth Skelton forms
Mother will feel movement by 20 weeks.
Growth slows between 20 and 24 weeks.

43. 4. Third Trimester Growth in preparation for birth
Significant changes in the brain.
Immune system develops
Fat is deposited under the skin.

44. 6.13 Identify visible signs of pregnancy.
Menstruation stops
Hips will become slightly larger
Breast become larger
Weight gain and abdomen will bulge
Nausea and dizziness
Cravings

45. 6.4 Studying Genetic Changes
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46. 6.14 Identify major shifts in scientific understanding of genetics.
Four major works that caused a shift in our
understanding of genetics:
Gregor Mendel
Watson and Crick
Human Genome Project
Genetic Engineering

47. 1. Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel Mid-1800s
Experimented with inherited traits in pea plants.

48. Mendel’s work with pea plants

49. 2. Watson and Crick
1953
Described the structure of DNA and how it replicates.

50. Watson and Crick

51. 3. Human Genome Project
Genome: consists of the full set of genetic material that makes up an organism.
Made a map to identify genes
This information may be used to check for particular diseases.

52. 4. Genetic Engineering

53. Videos… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sf0YXnAFBs8&feature=related

54. 6.15 Provide examples of genetic conditions that cannot be cured using present knowledge.
Three examples of diseases that cannot be
cured at present:
Down’s Syndrome
Cystic Fibrosis
Alderdice Syndrome

55. 1. Down’s Syndrome Karyotypes can help identify certain if there
are abnormalities in
the chromosomes
Karyotypes can identify
syndromes such as
Down’s Syndrome
(extra 21st chromosome)

56. 1. Down’s Syndrome

57. 2. Cystic Fibrosis

58. 2. Cystic Fibrosis

59. 3. Alderdice Syndrome
Allderdice syndrome where part of one chromosome is reversed.
Trait is passed from the mother to offspring (31%)
Individuals have low
birth weights, hand and
facial abnormalities and
both mental and physical
challenges
Identified in Sandy
Point NL by Dr. Penny
Allderdice

61. 6.16 Provide examples of knowledge of cellular functions that resulted in the development of technologies.

62. 6.17 Provide examples of Canadian contributions to science and technology related to genetic engineering

63. 6.18 Evaluate information and evidence gathered on the topic of genetics and genetic engineering.
Can be used to save the genetic information from endangered plants and animals
To mass-produce an organism with a desired trait.
Human-assisted Cloning
Two types:
Reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning

64. 1. Reproductive Cloning Also called DNA cloning
Purpose is to produce a genetic duplicate of an existing organism with desirable qualities.
Reproductive cloning of sheep

65. 1. Reproductive Cloning

66. 2. Therapeutic Cloning Used to correct health problems. Stem cells and
embryonic stem cells
are able to become
many different types
of cells.

67. Cloning Videos