1. EUROPE

2. Setting the Boundaries
40 countries ranging from large states (e.g., Germany) to microstates (e.g., Andorra)
Relatively small region; Densely settled
Shared history amidst cultural diversity
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

3. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES
Western extremity of Eurasia
Lingering world influence
High degrees of specialization
Manufacturing dominance
Numerous nation-states
Urbanized population
High standards of living

4. Europe Arctic Norway Figure 8.1
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

5. Size and Location Figure 8.3
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6. Landform Regions European Lowlands Alpine Mountain System
Figure 8.5
European Lowlands
Alpine Mountain System
Central Uplands
Western Highlands
What landform regions do these two photographs belong to?
Figure 8.6
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

7. PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES Alpine System Western Uplands Central Uplands
North European Lowland

8. Climate
Although along the same line of latitude as northern Canada, Europe has much milder climates. What accounts for this difference?
Figure 8.7
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

9. Environmental Issues – Overview
How does the pattern of acid rain damage correspond with Figure 8.37?
Figure 8.9
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

10. Environmental Issues Toxic Landscape in Romania Acid Rain in Bohemia
Figure 8.10
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff
Figure 8.11

11. Changing Environments
Wind Farm in Denmark
Restoring Heath in England
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff
Figure 8.13

12. RELATIVE LOCATION At the heart of the land hemisphere
Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world
Every part of Europe is close to the sea.
Navigable waterways
Moderate distances

13. RELATIVE LOCATION

14. AGRARIAN REVOLUTION Began in Europe in the 1750s
Based on new agricultural innovations
Enabled increased food production
Enabled sustained population increase

15. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Developed in the UK between
Evolved from technical innovations that occurred in British industry
Proved to be a major catalyst towards increased urbanization
Produced a distinct spatial pattern in Europe

16. POLITICAL REVOLUTION END TO THE RULE OF MONARCHIES CENTRIPETAL FORCES
CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
EMERGENCE OF NATION STATES

17. AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION
Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods
Roman Empire
Parts of North Africa - granaries
Elba produced iron ore.
Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead.

18. AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION
Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods
Roman Empire
Parts of North Africa - granaries
Elba produced iron ore.
Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead.

19. SPATIAL INTERACTION Movement across geographic space
Involves contact of people in two or more places for the purposes of exchanging goods or ideas
Principles
Complementarity
Transferability
Intervening opportunity

20. COMPLEMENTARITY Germany Italy
Two places, through an exchange of goods, can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.
One area has a surplus of an item demanded by a second area.
Germany
Italy

21. COMPLEMENTARITY

22. TRANSFERABILITY
The ease with which a commodity may be transported or the capacity to move a good at a bearable cost
Rivers, mountain passes, road networks
Advances in transportation technology

23. INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY
The presence of a nearer source of supply
or opportunity that acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites
Would Austrian beer
be cheaper to import
into Italy?

24. POPULATION DENSITY EUROPE
Population Density: 256 persons per square mile
Urbanization: 73%

25. Population and Settlement
Figure 8.14
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

26. Demographic Trends - Slow or Negative RNI - High Densities
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

27. Linguistic Diversity
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

28. Religious Diversity Tensions in Northern Ireland
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

29. Migration How has migration influenced Europe ? Figure 8.15
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

30. EUROPE’S IMPLOSION POPULATION
Falling share of the world’s population
Fertility at an all-time low
Fewer young people
Smaller working age population
Boom & bust age-dependent
Immigration partially offsetting losses

31. URBAN TRADITION Urbanization Related concepts Primate city Metropolis
CBD

32. PRIMATE CITIES A country’s largest city Jefferson’s criteria:
Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size
Especially expressive of the national culture
Usually (but not always) the capital
Examples: Paris, London, Athens

33. EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES
Similarities:
Central core
Suburban ring

34. EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES
Differences:
High suburban density
Apartments
Public transportation
Land scarcity
Centralized urban planning

35. Historical Cityscapes
Aerial View of Central Paris
Medieval
Renaissance-Baroque
Industrial
Figure 8.18
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

36. Geopolitical Change
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

37. Europe—East and West Iron Curtain Cold War Buffer Zone
Former East Germany
Iron Curtain
Cold War
Buffer Zone
Figure 8.31
The “Wall Zone” in Berlin
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff
Figure 8.4.2

38. Geopolitical Framework
Terrorism in Madrid
Figure 8.5.1
Figure 8.29
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

39. The EU and Economic Integration
Figure 8.38
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

40. KEY CONCEPTS
BALKANIZATION
IRREDENTISM
ETHNIC CLEANSING

41. BALKANIZATION
FROM THE VERB BALKANIZE, WHICH MEANS TO BREAK UP (AS IN A REGION) INTO SMALLER AND OFTEN HOSTILE UNITS
ORIGINATES FROM A MOUNTAIN RANGE IN BULGARIA
APPLIED TO THE SOUTHERN HALF OF EASTERN EUROPE, i.e., THE BALKAN COUNTRIES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA

42. Europe—The Balkans
In what ways have ethnicity and religion intersected here?
Kosovar Refugees
Figure 8.34
Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff

43. UNDERLYING FORCES CENTRIFUGAL FORCES CENTRIPETAL FORCES
REFER TO FORCES THAT TEND TO DIVIDE A COUNTRY
RELIGIOUS, LINGUISTIC, ETHNIC, OR IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES
CENTRIPETAL FORCES
FORCES THAT UNITE AND BIND A COUNTRY TOGETHER
A STRONG NATIONAL CULTURE, SHARED IDEOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES, AND A COMMON FAITH

44. IRREDENTISM
A POLICY OF POLITICAL EXPANSION AIMED AT A NATIONAL GROUP LIVING IN A NEIGHBORING COUNTRY
RIVER & BORDER
MINORITY
POPULATION A
BORDER
ADJUSTMENT B A
COUNTRIES

45. ETHNIC CLEANSING
REFERS TO THE FORCIBLE OUSTER OF ENTIRE POPULATIONS FROM THEIR HOMELANDS BY A STRONGER POWER
MINORITY
POPULATION A B A
BORDER
COUNTRIES

46. EUROPE