1. Writing Basic SQL statement 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 20151 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

2. Objective After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: List the capabilities of SQL SELET statements List the capabilities of SQL SELET statements Executer a basic SELECT statement Executer a basic SELECT statement Differentiate between SQL statements and SQL*Plus commands Differentiate between SQL statements and SQL*Plus commands 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 20152 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

3. Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements SelectionProjection Table 1 Table 2 Join 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 20153 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

4. Basic SELECT Statement SELECT identifies what columns. SELECT identifies what columns. FROM identifies which table. FROM identifies which table. SELECT [ DISTINCT ] { *, column [ alias],... } FROM table; 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 20154 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

5. Writing SQL Statement SQL statements are not case sensitive. SQL statements are not case sensitive. SQL statements can be on one or more lines. SQL statements can be on one or more lines. Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across lines. Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across lines. Clauses are usually placed on separate lines. Clauses are usually placed on separate lines. Tabs and indents are used to enhance readability. Tabs and indents are used to enhance readability. 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 20155 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

6. Selecting All Columns DEPTNODNAMELOC ----------------------------------------- 10 20 30 40 40 ACCOUNTINGRESEARCHSALESOPERATIONS NEW YORK DALLASCHICAGOBOSTON SQL> SELECT * 2 FROM dept; 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 20156 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

7. Selecting Specific Columns DEPTNO LOC ------------ ----------------- 10 NEW YORK 20 DALLAS 30 CHICAGO 40 BOSTON SQL> SELECT deptno, loc 2 FROM dept; 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 20157 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

8. Column Heading Defaults Default justification Default justification Left: Date and character dataLeft: Date and character data Right: Numeric dataRight: Numeric data Default display: Uppercase Default display: Uppercase 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 20158 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

9. Arithmetic Expressions Create expressions on NUMBER and DATE data by using arithmetic operators. Operator Description + Add - Subtract * Multiply / Divide 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 20159 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

10. Using Arithmetic Operators ENAMESALSAL+300 ----------- -- ----------- ----------------------------- KING KING BLAKE BLAKE CLARK CLARK JONES JONES MARTIN MARTIN ALLEN ALLEN …… ……500028502450297512501600530031502750327515501900 SQL> SELECT ename, sal, sal+300 2 FROM emp; 14 rows selected 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201510 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

11. Operator Precedence Multiplication and division take priority over addition and subtraction. Multiplication and division take priority over addition and subtraction. Operators of the same priority are evaluated from left to right. Operators of the same priority are evaluated from left to right. Parentheses are used to force prioritized evaluation and to clarify statements. Parentheses are used to force prioritized evaluation and to clarify statements. */+-*/+- 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201511 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

12. Operator Precedence SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 100+12*sal 2 FROM emp; ENAMESAL12*SAL+100 ------------- ---------------------------------------- KING KING BLAKE BLAKE CLARK CLARK JONES JONES MARTIN MARTIN ALLEN ALLEN …… ……500028502450297512501600601003430029500358001510019300 14 rows selected. 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201512 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

13. Using Parentheses SQL> SELECT ename, sal, (100+12)*sal 2 FROM emp; ENAMESAL12*(SAL+100) ------------- ---------------------------------------- KING KING BLAKE BLAKE CLARK CLARK JONES JONES MARTIN MARTIN …… ……500028502450297512506120035400306003690016200 14 rows selected. 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201513 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

14. Defining a Null Value A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable. A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable. A null is not the same as zero or a blank space. A null is not the same as zero or a blank space. SQL> SELECT ename, job, sal, comm 2 FROM emp; ENAMEJOB SAL COMM ------------- --------------------- -------- --------- KING KING BLAKE BLAKE …… …… TURNER TURNER …… ……PRESIDENTMANAGERSALESMAN50002850 1500 0 14 rows selected. 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201514 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

15. Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions Arithmetic expressions containing a null evaluate to null. SQL> select ename, 12 * sal + comm 2 from emp 3 where ename= ' KING ' ; ENAME 12*SAL+COMM ------------ --------------------- KING 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201515 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

16. Defining a Column Alias Renames a column heading Renames a column heading Is useful with calculations Is useful with calculations Immediately follows column name; optional AS keyword between column name and alias Immediately follows column name; optional AS keyword between column name and alias Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or special characters or is case sensitive Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or special characters or is case sensitive 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201516 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

17. Using Column Aliases SQL> SELECT ename AS name, sal salary 2 FROM emp; NAMESALARY ------------------- -----------------...... SQL> SELECTename “Name”, 2 sal * 12 “Annual Salary” 3 FROMemp; NameAnnual Salary ------------------- -----------------...... 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201517 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

18. Concatenation Operator Concatenates columns or character strings to other columns Concatenates columns or character strings to other columns Is represented by two vertical bars (||) Is represented by two vertical bars (||) Creates a resultant column that is a character expression Creates a resultant column that is a character expression 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201518 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

19. Using the Concatenation Operator SQL> SELECT ename | | job As "Employees" 2 FROM emp; Employees ----------------------------- KINGPRESIDENT BLAKEMANAGER CLARKMANAGER JONESMANAGER MARTINSALESMAN ALLENSALESMAN …… 14 rows selected. 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201519 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

20. Literal Character Strings A literal is a character, a number, or a date included in the SELECT list. A literal is a character, a number, or a date included in the SELECT list. Date and character literal values must be enclosed within single quotation mark. Date and character literal values must be enclosed within single quotation mark. Each character string is output once for each row returned. Each character string is output once for each row returned. 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201520 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

21. Using Literal Character Strings SQL> SELECT ename | | ' is a ' | | job 2 As “Employee Details" 3 FROM emp; Employee Details ------------------------------------- KING is a PRESIDENT BLAKE is a MANAGER CLARK is a MANAGER JONES is a MANAGER MARTIN is a SALESMAN …….. 14 rows selected. 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201521 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

22. Duplicate Rows The default display of queries is all rows including duplicate rows. SQL> SELECT deptno 2 FROM emp; DEPTNO ---------------------- 10 30 10 20 ……. 14 rows selected. 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201522 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

23. Eliminating Duplicate Rows Eliminate duplicate rows y using the DISTINCT keyword in the SELECT clause SQL> SELECT DISTINCT deptno 2 FROM emp; DEPTNO ---------------------- 10 20 30 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201523 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

24. SQL and SQL*Plus Interaction Buffer SQL *Plus server SQL Statements SQL *Plus Commands Query Results Formatted Report 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201524 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

25. SQL Statements Versus SQL*Plus Commands SQL A language A language ANSI standard ANSI standard Keyword cannot be abbreviated Keyword cannot be abbreviated Statements manipulate data and table definitions in the database Statements manipulate data and table definitions in the databaseSQL*PLUS An environment An environment Oracle proprietary Oracle proprietary Keywords can be abbreviated Keywords can be abbreviated Commands do not allow manipulation of values in the database Commands do not allow manipulation of values in the database SQL statements SQL buffer SQL * plus commands SQL * plus buffer 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201525 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

26. Overview of SQL*Plus Log in to SQL*Plus. Log in to SQL*Plus. Describe the table structure. Describe the table structure. Edit your SQL statement. Edit your SQL statement. Execute SQL from SQL*Plus. Execute SQL from SQL*Plus. Save SQL statements to files and append SQL statements to files. Save SQL statements to files and append SQL statements to files. Execute saved files. Execute saved files. Load commands from file to buffer to edit. Load commands from file to buffer to edit. 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201526 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

27. Logging In to SQL*Plus From Windows environment: From Windows environment: From command line: From command line: SQL> [username[/password [@database]]] 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201527 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

28. Displaying Table Structure Use the SQL*Plus DESCRIBE command to display the structure of a table. DESC [ RIBE ] tablename 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201528 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

29. Displaying Table Structure DESC/DESCRIBE dept NameNULL?Type ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------- DEPTNO DEPTNO DNAME DNAME LOC LOC NOT NULL NUMBER(2) NUMBER(2) VARCHAR2(14) VARCHAR2(14) VARCHAR2(13) VARCHAR2(13) 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201529 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

30. SQL*Plus Editing Commands A[PPEND] text A[PPEND] text C[HANGE] / old / new C[HANGE] / old / new C[HANGE] / text / C[HANGE] / text / CL[EAR] BUFF [ER] CL[EAR] BUFF [ER] DEL DEL DEL n DEL n DEL m n DEL m n 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201530 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

31. SQL*Plus Editing Commands I[NPUT] I[NPUT] I[NPUT] text I[NPUT] text L[IST] L[IST] L[IST] n L[IST] n L[IST] m n L[IST] m n R[UN] R[UN] n n text n text 0 text 0 text 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201531 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

32. SQL*Plus File Commands SAVE filename SAVE filename GET filename GET filename START filename START filename @ filename @ filename EDIT filename EDIT filename SPOOL filename SPOOL filename EXIT EXIT 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201532 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

33. Summary Use SQL*Plus as an environment to: Execute SQL statements Execute SQL statements Edit SQL statements Edit SQL statements SQL> [ DISTINCT ] { *, column [ alias ], …} 2 table; 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201533 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol

34. Practice Overview Selecting all data from different tables Selecting all data from different tables Describing the structure of tables Describing the structure of tables Performing arithmetic calculations and specifying column names Performing arithmetic calculations and specifying column names Using SQL*Plus editor Using SQL*Plus editor 2 July 20152 July 20152 July 201534 Create By Pantharee Sawasdimongkol