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CS1104: Computer Organisation http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs1104 Lecture 1: Introduction http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs1104
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction2 Overview Overview History of Computers History of Computers Application Areas Application Areas Types of Computers Types of Computers Computer Configurations Computer Configurations Computers as Information Processors Computers as Information Processors
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction3 Basic Machine Hardware Architecture Basic Machine Hardware Architecture CPUCPU Memory/StorageMemory/Storage Main MemoryMain Memory Input/Output DevicesInput/Output Devices Basic Machine Software Basic Machine Software FlowchartsFlowcharts LanguagesLanguages Operating SystemsOperating Systems System UtilitiesSystem Utilities ApplicationsApplications What’s in CS1104 What’s in CS1104
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction4 Overview of Part 1 (1/2) Number system: how is information represented in a computer. Boolean Algebra: the basis for logic design and manipulation of information. Logic gates: what are the gates used, and how circuits can be made from gates. Function simplification: to reduce the size of design, increase speed, etc.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction5 Overview of Part 1 (2/2) Combinational circuits: simple circuit design without memory. Sequential circuits: circuit design with memory. Disk: storage techniques. Bus: internal communication. I/O: devices, technology, etc.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction6 History of Computers (1/4) Abacus invented in Babylonia in 3000BC Adding machine by Blaise Pascal (1642) Adding machine Difference engine and the analytical engine by Charles Babbage (1842) Difference engine and the analytical engine IBM first electromechanical computer (using relays) designed by Howard Aiken (1937) was based on punched cards. used to calculate tables of mathematical functions
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction7 History of Computers (2/4) 1 st Generation Computers (1940s to early 1950s) – based on vacuum tubes technology. 1 st Generation Computers 1943 – ENIAC: first fully electronic computer, designed by John Mauchly 1944 – Mark I: Howard Aiken 1946 – EDVAC: first stored program computers, designed by John von Neumann 2 nd Generation Computers (late 50s to early 60s) – based on transistors technology. 2 nd Generation Computers more reliable, less expensive, low heat dissipation IBM 7000 series, DEC PDP-1
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction8 History of Computers (3/4) 3 rd Generation Computers (late 60s to early 80s) – integrated circuits (IC). 3 rd Generation Computers IBM 360 series, DEC PDP-8 IC – many transistors packed into single container low prices, high packing density 4 th Generation Computers (present day) LSI/VLSI 4 th Generation Computers small size, low-cost, large memory, ultra-fast PCs to supercomputers 5 th Generation Computers (future) massively parallel, large knowledge bases, intelligent Japan, Europe and US advanced research programs
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction9 History of Computers (4/4) Websites ACM Timeline of Computing History (http://www.computer.org/computer/timeline) ACM Timeline of Computing History The Virtual Museum of Computing (http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/other/mus eums/computing.html) The Virtual Museum of Computing IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (http://www.computer.org/annals/) IEEE Annals of the History of Computing and others (surf the web)
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction10 Application Areas (1/2) Scientific: weather forecasting, simulation, space- program. one of the earliest application areas. heavy computation but small amount of data. Commercial: accounting, banking, inventory, sales. changes nature of business – information is money. high data throughput, simple calculations. Manufacturing: numerical control, CAD/CAM, integration. graphics, interfacing, device-drivers, networks.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction11 Application Areas (2/2) Real-time & Control System: air-traffic control, aircraft,nuclear power station. real time, very fast, safety-critical. Educational & Recreational CAI software, multi-media, games, Internet, World Wide Web. Telecommunication Network, StarHub CableTV, Singapore One.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction12 Types of Computers (1/2) Supercomputers: very fast (Gflops) but expensive machine($10m), vector or parallel processors, used in scientific applications and simulations. Mainframes: fast (>10mips) but expensive ($1m), high-throughput, used in large commercial organisations, support many concurrent users interactively. Mini-computers: fast but affordable ($200k), used in medium-sized organisations (e.g. SoC), support multiple users.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction13 Types of Computers (2/2) Workstations: affordable ($20k) and fast single-user systems (20 riscs mips), good graphics capabilities, engineering, network-based computing. Micro/Personal/Home Computers: cheap and affordable ($3k), transportable, home use, good for games and as educational tool, word processing, suitable for small enterprise.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction14 Computer Configurations (1/3) Stand-alone computer system Modem connection
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction15 Computer Configurations (2/3) Terminals-host connections
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction16 Computer Configurations (3/3) Network of computers
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction17 Computers as Information Processors (1/3) Example: An automobile augments our power of locomotion. A computer is a device capable of solving problems according to designed program. It simply augments our power of storage and speed of calculation. Driver Programmer
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction18 Computers as Information Processors (2/3) Unlike previous inventions, computers are special because they are general-purpose. Could be used to perform a variety of tasks. Computer = Hardware + Software. Hardware: physical components for computation/processing; should be simple, fast, reliable. Software: set of instructions to perform tasks to specifications; should be flexible, user-friendly, sophisticated.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction19 Computers as Information Processors (3/3) Computer are Information Processors Data Units: 1 bit (binary digit): one of two values (0 or 1) 1 byte: 8-bits 1 word: 1, 2, or 4 bytes, or more (depends on ALU) Computer system Raw data Processed information
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction20 Basic Machine Hardware Architecture (1/3) Main Components: CPU (Central Processing Unit: controls devices and processes data). Memory: stores programs and intermediate data. Input Devices: accept data from outside world. Output Devices: presents data to the outside world. An analogy with Human Information Processors: CPU – brain’s reasoning powers Memory – brain’s memory Input Devices – eyes, ears, sensory sub-system Output Devices – mouth, hands, facial and body expressions
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction21 Basic Machine Hardware Architecture (2/3) Monitor (Output) Mouse and Keyboard (Input) Headphone (Output) Hardware box (contains processor, memory, buses etc.)
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction22 Basic Machine Hardware Architecture (3/3) Motherboard (Printed Circuit Board) Processor Slots for RAM chips Network card and CRT card Cage for mounting drives Floppy disk drive and Hard disk drive © above picture: Patterson and Hennessy
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction23 Hardware – CPU (1/3) CPU = control unit + ALU + registers Control Unit : monitors and directs sequences of instructions Execution Cycle (repeated): fetch (next instruction) decode execute
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction24 Hardware – CPU (2/3) ALU: performs simple arithmetic and logical operations. Examples: Add, subtract, and, or, invert, increment etc. AB ALU select R = A op B n-bits operations R
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction25 Hardware – CPU (3/3) Registers: temporary results + status information ACC (accumulator) – current data PC (program counter) – points to next instruction IR (instruction register) – current instruction MA (memory address) – address to read/write MB (memory buffer) – data to read/write
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction26 Hardware – Memory/Storage (1/2) Purpose: to store program and data. Desirable Traits: fast access, large capacity, economical, non-volatile. However, most memory devices do not have all these traits.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction27 Hardware – Memory/Storage (2/2) Solution: hierarchical combination registers main memory disk storage magnetic tapes Fast, expensive (small numbers), volatile Slow, cheap (large numbers), non-volatile
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction28 Hardware – Main Memory (1/2) Fast BUT volatile (need power to maintain data) Logical structure – table of memory cells/units. 01230123 2 m -3 2 m -2 2 m -1 addresses memory cells 8 bits or more MARMAR MBRMBR address data
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction29 Hardware – Main Memory (2/2) Memory cells may be grouped into pages (say 512 consecutive words per page). Units 1 KBytes = 1024 (or 2 10 ) bytes 1 MBytes = 1024 Kbytes (or 2 20 bytes) 1 GBytes = 1024 Mbytes (or 2 30 bytes)
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction30 Hardware – Input/Output Devices Input devices: read/accept data (into computer) obsolete: card reader, paper tape reader present: keyboard, mouse, light-pen, optical char reader future: voice and vision recognition. Output devices: write/display data (to users) obsolete: card & paper punch, teletype present: VDU (visual display unit), printers, plotters, graphics display, sound future: voice synthesis.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction31 Basic Machine Software (1/2) Software is the key to making computers general purpose. Software are often built hierarchically, with layers of software providing successive higher-level of abstractions. This structure is reflected by the following onion layer view of software.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction32 Basic Machine Software (2/2) Hardware Operating system System utilities Applications/User programs
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction33 Software – Flowcharts (1/2) The sequence of instructions of a software/program can be graphically specified using flowcharts. The flowchart technique maybe a little outdated but could still be used in a clear manner for simple problems. As an example, the procedure to find the roots of a quadratic equation, ax 2 + bx + c = 0, can be written using the following equation:
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction34 Software – Flowcharts (2/2) This procedure can be coded in the following flowchart: Read a,b,c a=0? d:=b 2 - 4ac d>0 d=0 d<0 Write real root Write complex roots Write real roots =< > no yes Write not quadratic
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction35 Software – Languages (1/4) All programs will have to be coded in some programming language – usually text-based. The native language of machine is called machine language. This consists of a set of primitive instructions, coded in numbers. An example is “0310 0412 0512”. But can you understand what it does?
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction36 Software – Languages (2/4) Possible to use more human-readable mnemonic instructions. These are know as assembly language instructions. Normally, assembly language has a 1-to-1 correspondence with machine language.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction37 Software – Languages (3/4) Assembly language is still very primitive. Higher-level Languages, like Pascal, C, Fortran, which are a little closer to English language have been developed.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction38 Software – Languages (4/4) An example Pascal program to find roots of quadratic equation: read(a,b,c); if a=0 then writeln ("not a quadratic equation") else begin d := sqr(b)-4*a*c; if d>0 then writeln ("complex roots") else if d=0 then writeln("single root =",-b/(2*a)) else writeln ("root1=",-b+sqrt(d)/(2*a), "root2=", -b-sqrt(d)/(2*a)); end;
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction39 Software – Operating Systems (1/2) Operating System (OS) is situated directly above hardware. It controls and manages the available hardware resources. Often, OS has special access privileges to certain categories of instructions and certain hardware User programs have to go through OS for these privileges.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction40 Software – Operating Systems (2/2) Associated Functions/Tasks: boots up machine loads user program allocates main memory/storage space schedules concurrent user programs drivers to service various devices (terminals, printers, etc.)
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction41 Software – System Utilities (1/2) Above the OS, there is a set of frequently executed programs,called System Utilities. These utilities are often packaged with OS. Used by programmers/analyst to help develop applications. Some examples Editor: compose/edit user programs or data files Assembler: translates assembly to machine code Compiler: translates high-level language to assembler/machine code Spooler: temporary stores print files for queuing
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction42 Software – System Utilities (2/2) Some examples (continued) Mailer: forwards/receives mails between users DBMS (Data-Base Management System): centralised management of data at a more abstract level than files Window Management System: multiple windows can appear on single screen. These together with various graphical entities (e.g. menus,panels, buttons) can be managed by WMS.
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction43 Software – Applications Word-Processors: compose/edit reports/articles Accounting Package: keeps track of accounting transactions, produces daily/weekly/monthly (profit/loss) reports Inventory System: keeps track of stock levels Personnel/Payroll System: staff records, monthly salary
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction44 What’s in CS1104 I/O systemProcessor Compiler Operating System (Windows XP) Instruction Set Architecture Datapath & Control Memory Software Assembler Computer Architecture Application (Netscape) Digital Design transistors Hardware Digital Logic Design
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CS1104-1Lecture 1: Introduction45 End of file
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