1. Marxism
The ideology of marxism and how it can be applied to the way we „read“ texts

2. Learning Intention: In today’s lesson you will:
Acquire a knowledge of what Marxism is and who founded it
Gain an understanding of how Marxism and Marxist lenses can be applied to the reading of a text
Become competent with a variety of Marxist literary theorists
Know what questions to ask when reading a text through a Marxist lens.

3. What is Marxism?
Marxism came about in the 1800’s and is the theory of German philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist and revolutionary socialist, Karl Marx (1818 – 1883). As well as Marx’s lifelong co-worker; Frederick Engels.
Marxism is the theory of how society works, in particular the nature of capitalism through an anti-capitalist lense.
Karl Marx
His ideal was a classless society whereby economic & political power is spread equally throughout and capitalism is considered unsatisfactory in a sense that it alienates one from themselves through a form of a consumerist trick.

4. MAIN IDEAS
- History is a cycle of struggles between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

5. MAIN IDEAS
- Workers are alienated from their labor and from themselves

6. MAIN IDEAS
- All cultural products can be analyzed as if they were works of literature

7. Marxist Literary Criticism:
Marxist literary criticism emerged through class struggle, politics and economics.
Marxist criticism says that the text will reflect the society that has produced it.
It ALWAYS has a relationship to the society and judges literature by how it represents the main struggles for power going on that time and how it may influence those struggles.
The working class is manipulated to accept the ideology of the dominant class.

8. Like feminist critics, Marxist Literary Criticism investigates how literature can work as a force for social change, or as a reaffirmation of existing conditions.
Similar to New Historicism it examines how history influences literature; the difference is that Marxism focuses on the lower classes.
The social situation of the author determines, according to Marxists, which characters will be given power, finances and the most influence in the text, for example marginalised characters are generally those who are marginalised in society i.e. women, diverse ethnicities.

9. Marxist Literary Theorists
Marxist literary theories tend to focus on the representation of class conflict as well as the reinforcement of class distinctions through the medium of literature.
Marxist theorists use traditional techniques of literary analysis but subordinate aesthetic concerns to the final social and political meanings of literature.
A Marxist critic examines texts for themes of social justice, class structure, and the unequal distribution of resources and social status, among others.

10. MAIN IDEAS - Writers and writings are shaped by economic context

11. MAIN IDEAS - Literature can be a political tool

12. Marxist Literary Theorist:
Antonio Gramsci
Believed in Hegemony - the dominance of ruling class values in media texts influences audiences to believe that these values are 'common place'

13. Sergei Eisenstein Marxist Literary Theorist:
Believed that all conventions used by Hollywood cinema is designed to draw audiences into believing in capitalist propaganda and ideologies. He believed the way to get around these conventions was to focus on the group rather than the individual and to tell the narrative through montage to make the audience realise that what they are watching isn't real.

14. Raymond Williams Marxist Literary Theorist:
Rejected the term 'mass culture' and instead believed that products of culture industries are either 'low culture', suitable for workers, or 'high culture', e.g ballet or opera with 'high culture' having a great status than 'low culture'. This exists today with theatres having greater status than cinemas. This also explains why most US film actors go onto acting at theatres as they want to prove themselves as serious actors which is gained through the difference in status.

15. In American colleges and universities, Marxism has evolved into an even more influential LITERARY theory than an actual political system. Some of the most important theorists have included:
Leon Trotsky
György Lukács
Bertolt Brecht
Walter Benjamin
Terry Eagleton
Herbert Marcuse
Theodor Adorno
Louis Althusser
Frederic Jameson
Jürgen Habermas

16. Some Questions to ask when reading:
What is the economic status of the characters?
What happens to them as a result of this status?
How do they fare against economic and political odds?
What other conditions stemming from their class does the writer emphasize?
To what extent does the work fail by overlooking the economic, social, and political implications of its material?
In what other ways does economic determinism affect the work?
How should the reader’s consider this story in today’s developed or underdeveloped world?

17. Some Questions Marxist Literary Critics Ask:
Who benefits if the work or effort is
accepted/successful/believed, etc.?
What is the social class of the author?
Which class does the work claim to represent?
What values does it reinforce?
What values does it subvert?
Is there a conflict between the values
the work champions and those it portrays?
What social classes do the characters represent?
How do characters from different classes
interact or conflict?

18. TWO MAIN QUESTIONS: 1. How was this text “written” by its
material conditions
[economics, work,
society, class,
politics]?
How might the material
conditions of the society in
which the text is received
shape the reading?

19. "...what drives historical change are the material realities of the economic base of society, rather than … politics, law, philosophy, religion, and art" (Richter 1088).
" our socioeconomic system is the ultimate source of our experience" (Tyson 277).
“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles” (Marx, qtd. in Sim & van Loon 19).
“You can analyse and form value judgments on any cultural phenomenon: literature, art, music, political systems, sport, race relations, etc.” (Marx, qtd. in Sim & van Loon 4).
“Social class, and its prevailing 'ideology'...have a major bearing on what is written by a member of that class” (Barry 158).

20. How to “do” a Marxist reading:
1. Look for examples of oppression, bad working conditions, class struggles, etc.
2. Search for the “covert” meaning underneath the “overt,” which is about class struggle, historical stages, economic conditions, etc.
3. Relate the context of a work to the social-class status of the author.
4. Relate the literary work to the social conditions of its time period.
5. Explain an entire genre in terms of its social period.
6. Show how literature is shaped by political, economic, labor, and class conditions.

21. THE CONTEXT WRITES THE TEXT THE CONTEXT WRITES THE TEXT