1. Chapter 14 Discussion and Review

2. Mongol Empire

4. Mongolian Steppes

5. Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”

6. Mongol Invasions

7. Mongol Warriors

8. Mongol Archer

9. Gold Saddle Arch – Mongols, 13c

10. Gold Saddle, Front View – Mongols, 13c

11. If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. If you do not have children, we will take your wife. If you do not have children, we will take your wife. If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. If you do not have a wife, we will take your head.  Used cruelty as a weapon --> some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction! Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws:

12. Mongol Nobleman, late 13c

13. Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, early 14c

14. Yuan Golden Bowl, 13c

15. Yuan Empire (1279-1368) Khubilai Khan Khubilai Khan Declared Great Khan in 1265 Declared Great Khan in 1265 founded the Yuan empire in 1271 founded the Yuan empire in 1271 Moved capital to Beijing Moved capital to Beijing Incorporated Chinese traditions Incorporated Chinese traditions Confucian laws and public policies Confucian laws and public policies Government Government Western Asian Muslims as official Western Asian Muslims as official Hierarchical system Hierarchical system Legally defined status groups Legally defined status groups Confucians had a weak role Confucians had a weak role merchants and doctors elevated merchants and doctors elevated

16. Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279- 1368 C.E.  Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294] Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them.  Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them.  No Chinese in top govt. posts. No Chinese in top govt. posts. Believed foreigner were more trustworthy. Believed foreigner were more trustworthy. Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. Marco Polo Marco Polo

17. Marco Polo (1254-1324)  A Venetian merchant.  Traveled through Yuan China: 1271-1295 “Black Stones” [coal] “Black Stones” [coal] Gunpowder. Gunpowder. Noodles. Noodles.

18. Marco Polo’s Travels

19. Yuan Dynasty Economy / Trade Economy / Trade Tax farming Tax farming Used paper money and copper coins Used paper money and copper coins Revitalized trade Revitalized trade Cultural Diffusion Cultural Diffusion Encouraged sharing and exchange of ideas Encouraged sharing and exchange of ideas Medical information, Science, Mathematics, warfare, etc. Medical information, Science, Mathematics, warfare, etc.

20. Yuan Porcelains & Ceramics

21. China’s last native imperial dynasty!

22. Ming Dynasty - 1368 – 1644 Closed borders to foreigners Closed borders to foreigners severed relations with Middle East and Central Asia severed relations with Middle East and Central Asia moved capital to Nanjing; later moved backed to Beijing moved capital to Nanjing; later moved backed to Beijing The Ming were nationalistic and turned toward Confucianism. The Ming were nationalistic and turned toward Confucianism.

23. How Did the Ming Restore the Chinese Government… 1.Restored the civil service system and made the exams more rigorous than ever 2.Revived Confucian learning 3.Repaired the canal system that linked regions and made trade easier 4.Supported a revival of arts and literature 2

24. The Forbidden City: China’s New Capital

25. Revived the Civil Service Exam

26. Ming Cultural Revolution  Printing & Literacy  Cheap, popular books:  woodblock printing.  cheap paper.  Examination system.  Leads to explosion in literacy.   Leads to further popularization of the commercial market.  Culture & Art  Increased literacy leads to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things:  Literature.  Painting.  Ceramics.  Opera.

27. Ming Silver Market  Spanish Silver Convoys  Triangle route:  Philippines to China to Japan.  Silver floods Chinese Market:  Causes devaluation of currency & recession  Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration overseas.  Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe  Increases interest in Chinese culture & ideas in Europe.  Helps fund conquest of New World   Encourages Europeans in conquest & trade.

28. Ming Dynasty, 1368- 1644 C.E.  Golden Age of Chinese Art Moderation Moderation Softness Softness Gracefulness Gracefulness  Hundreds of thousands of workers constructed the Forbidden City.

29. Ming Emperor Tai Zu (r. 1368-1398)

30. The Tribute System

31. Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho)  Ming “Treasure Fleet”  Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide  China’s “Columbus?”  1371-1435

32. Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages  First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men].  Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip].  Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men].  Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500 men].  Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419  Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422  Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work.  Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433  Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam  100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip.

33. Zheng He’s Mission Mission Mission To reestablish trade links with the Middle East To reestablish trade links with the Middle East Bring Southeast Asian countries and their overseas Chinese population under its influence Bring Southeast Asian countries and their overseas Chinese population under its influence Accomplishments Accomplishments Acquired Ming tributary states Acquired Ming tributary states 50 new tributaries 50 new tributaries Overall not very profitable Overall not very profitable

34. Shape of the World Video Clip…

35.  1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.

36. Why did Ming emperors turn their back on overseas exploration? 1.Confucian scholars had little interest in overseas ventures. To them, Chinese civilization was superior to all others. 2.The Chinese wanted to preserve ancient traditions, which they saw as the source of stability. 3.Fleets of seagoing ships were costly and did not produce any profits.

37. Ming Empire: Technology Ming technological innovation slowed after 1400, though the economy continued to grow. Ming technological innovation slowed after 1400, though the economy continued to grow. The causes of the slow-down were complex The causes of the slow-down were complex growth in population, large labor supply lowered the need for mechanization growth in population, large labor supply lowered the need for mechanization Revival of civil service exam Revival of civil service exam scarcity of metals for the building of new machines scarcity of metals for the building of new machines relative lack of technological challenge from military enemies were all contributing factors. relative lack of technological challenge from military enemies were all contributing factors.

38. Ming Vases, 18c

39. Ming Carved Lacquer Dish 15c

40. Ming Scroll Painting “Travelers in Autumn Mountains”

41. Ming Painting – “Taoist Scholar”

42. Ming Painting – “Birds and Flowers”, 16c

43. Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early 16c

44. Ming Empire Vs Mongols Similarities Similarities Ming China was built on a Mongol foundation Ming China was built on a Mongol foundation political structure and administration political structure and administration including the military system and a hereditary system of social stratification. including the military system and a hereditary system of social stratification. Differences Differences More ideological than structural More ideological than structural Closed borders to foreigners, severed relations with Middle East and Central Asia, moved capital to Nanjing Closed borders to foreigners, severed relations with Middle East and Central Asia, moved capital to Nanjing The Ming were nationalistic and turned toward Confucianism. The Ming were nationalistic and turned toward Confucianism.

45. The surrounding seas have both protected and isolated Japan The surrounding seas have both protected and isolated Japan Geography of Japan

46. Here come the Mongols Only Severe threat to Japan Prior to World War IIOnly Severe threat to Japan Prior to World War II Attracted by gold, pearls and power the Kublai Khan sent a letter demanding submission and tribute in 1268Attracted by gold, pearls and power the Kublai Khan sent a letter demanding submission and tribute in 1268 Two Attempts were made in 1274 and 1281Two Attempts were made in 1274 and 1281 Mongol Armour, 1271.

47. Japan Defeats the Khan’s Army!! First attempt 900 ships and 40,000 menFirst attempt 900 ships and 40,000 men Surprisingly a strong wind came up “kamikaze” or the divine windsSurprisingly a strong wind came up “kamikaze” or the divine winds Destroyed 200 ships and 13,000 menDestroyed 200 ships and 13,000 men By 1281 the samurai had built a stone wall and the Khan’s army was fought off from the wall!By 1281 the samurai had built a stone wall and the Khan’s army was fought off from the wall!  A stone barrier 20 km long bordering the coast of Hakata Bay at Fukuoka

49. Vietnamese Legend Kublai Khan, the Mongol leader of thirteenth-century China, sent an army to conquer Vietnam. The Mongols smashed the Vietnamese capital but were repulsed by a Vietnamese guerrilla counter-offensive. A second Mongol invasion followed that consisted of 500,000 soldiers. The Mongols were met by a Vietnamese force of 200,000 men led by Tran Hung Dao who is today considered to be Vietnam’s greatest national hero. According to a legend that reminds us of England’s King Arthur story, a magical turtle arose from a lake and gave Tran an enchanted sword. He used this sword to again defeat the Mongols and then returned it to the turtle in the lake.

50. Han Conquest Han conquered the southern “barbarians” in 111 B.C.E. by always had trouble controlling the area. Han conquered the southern “barbarians” in 111 B.C.E. by always had trouble controlling the area. Why? Geography Why? Geography Viet elite adopted the bureaucratic ways of the Chinese. Viet elite adopted the bureaucratic ways of the Chinese. Adopted Confucianism. Adopted Confucianism. Adopted ancestor worship and extended family concept. Adopted ancestor worship and extended family concept. Buddhism became a dominant influence in the religious and cultural life of the people. Buddhism became a dominant influence in the religious and cultural life of the people. Buddhism Position of women was stronger than in China Position of women was stronger than in China Trung sisters Trung sisters

51. Independence Massive rebellion in 907, taking advantage of political chaos of the Tang. Massive rebellion in 907, taking advantage of political chaos of the Tang. 939 won independence from China 939 won independence from China Defeated all 3 invasion attempts by the Yuan Mongols Defeated all 3 invasion attempts by the Yuan Mongols Vietnam's independence ended in the mid- 19th century CE, when the country was colonized by the French Empire. Vietnam's independence ended in the mid- 19th century CE, when the country was colonized by the French Empire.

52. Koryo Dynasty Root of modern name – Korea Root of modern name – Korea 918 – 1392 C.E. 918 – 1392 C.E. From the Silla through Koryo adoption of Chinese influences From the Silla through Koryo adoption of Chinese influences Adopted Chinese political institutions Adopted Chinese political institutions Tributary system to the Chinese emperor Tributary system to the Chinese emperor

53. Mongols Influence in Korea Cultural Diffussion Cultural Diffussion The Mongols shared information and facilitated the spread of technologies and knowledge to Korea. The Mongols shared information and facilitated the spread of technologies and knowledge to Korea. philosophical ideas of Yuan China, astronomical observation, mathematics, and growing of cotton philosophical ideas of Yuan China, astronomical observation, mathematics, and growing of cotton

54. Fall of the Koryo Mongol invasion of 1231. Mongol invasion of 1231. Koryo was a “puppet” dynasty of this time. Koryo was a “puppet” dynasty of this time. Overtime it will become attached and loyal to Mongols Overtime it will become attached and loyal to Mongols In 1392, Yi Song-gye seized power and founded the Yi Dynasty (or sometimes seen as the New Chosen). In 1392, Yi Song-gye seized power and founded the Yi Dynasty (or sometimes seen as the New Chosen). Yi Dynasty lasted until 1910. Yi Dynasty lasted until 1910.

55. Choson (or Yi) Dynasty 1392-1910 In 1392, the Koreans overthrew their Mongol conquerors and set up the Choson dynasty The period began in 1392 and ended in 1910. Japan will control Korea from 1911 to 1945. Painting on Silk - 18 th century

56. Yi Dynasty (1392 -1910) The Yi kingdom The Yi kingdom Established the longest dynasty in Korea Established the longest dynasty in Korea The Mongols shared information and facilitated the spread of technologies and knowledge to Korea. The Mongols shared information and facilitated the spread of technologies and knowledge to Korea. Education Education Moving from block printing to movable type, brought about a very high rate of literacy Moving from block printing to movable type, brought about a very high rate of literacy Hangul Hangul military technology military technology Patrol ships with mounted cannons, gun powder arrow-launchers, and armored ships Patrol ships with mounted cannons, gun powder arrow-launchers, and armored ships made possible a formidable navy made possible a formidable navy

57. Class System Aristocrats (ruling class) Aristocrats (ruling class) Yang-ban (Upper class) Yang-ban (Upper class) Jung-in (Middle class) Jung-in (Middle class) Merchants, artisans, doctors Merchants, artisans, doctors Chun-min (Lower class) Chun-min (Lower class) Peasants, farmers, slaves, Peasants, farmers, slaves, Baek-jung (untouchables) Baek-jung (untouchables) butchers, executioners butchers, executioners

58. Easy to Learn Language  Illiteracy is virtually nonexistent in Korea.  This is another fact that attests to the easy learn ability of Han-gul.

59. Han-gul Language As the above examples clearly show, Han- gul. with only 14 consonants and 10 vowels, is capable of expressing virtually any sound.

60. Hanbok In the Choson dynasty people were garments called the Hanbok. In the Choson dynasty people were garments called the Hanbok. The clothes reflected the social status The clothes reflected the social status people wore the clothes of different designs, patterns, and colors according to their social classes. people wore the clothes of different designs, patterns, and colors according to their social classes.

61. Hanbok

62. Hanbok

63. Royalty