1. Are dinosaurs more closely related to birds or reptiles? Give support for your answer. WARM-UP

2. CLASSIFICATION AND TAXONOMY Organizing Life’s Diversity

3. CLASSIFICATION Group Categorize Arrange Sort Cluster

4. TAXONOMY  Grouping and naming of living things  It’s a framework or organization to study relationships among organisms.

5. TAXONOMY IS BASED ON: Morphology (body form) Developmental similarities Breeding behavior Geographical distribution Chromosome comparison Molecular clock (proteins)

6. 1 st Method: ARISTOTLE’S system  2 groups: Plants or Animals  Subdivisions did not account for evolutionary classification (ancestry).

7. Organizing Life’s Diversity  Animals were classified according to the presence or absence of “red blood.”  Animals were further grouped according to their habitats and morphology.  Plants were classified by average size and structure as trees, shrubs, or herbs. 17.1 The History of Classification Chapter 17

8. Organizing Life’s Diversity Chapter 17

9. Next & still now: LINNAEUS’ system  Takes into consideration a number of derived characters (morphology, DNA, embryonic development…)  Reflects evolutionary history  Binomial nomenclature (2 name naming system) composed of the Genus species.

10.  Biologists use scientific names for species because common names vary in their use. Organizing Life’s Diversity Ursus americanus American black bear 17.1 The History of Classification Chapter 17

11.  When writing a scientific name, scientists use these rules: Organizing Life’s Diversity  The first letter of the genus name always is capitalized, but the rest of the genus name and all letters of the specific epithet are lowercase.  If a scientific name is written in a printed book or magazine, it should be italicized.  When a scientific name is written by hand, both parts of the name should be underlined.  After the scientific name has been written completely, the genus name will be abbreviated to the first letter in later appearances (e.g., C. cardinalis). 17.1 The History of Classification Chapter 17

12. CLASSIFICATION MODELS Cladistics Phylogeny

13. CLADISTICS  “clade” a group of organisms that includes an ancestor and all descendants  It’s a hypothesis depicting one possible path of speciation (inheritance of derived traits)

14. CLADOGRAM

15. Characteristics of a CLADOGRAMCLADOGRAM  Shows appearance of derived traits (lower branches showed up earlier)  Shows which groups share the same traits.  All taxa traced directly to one node (that is they are "upstream” of the point where one line becomes two) are said to be members of a group.  Any two branch tips sharing the same immediate node are most closely related.

16. CLADOGRAM

17. Derived Characters (a + symbol means the organism does have that feature) segmentedjawshairplacentamulticellularlimbs kangaroo +++-++ earthworm +---+- amoeba ------ lizard ++--++ cat ++++++ sponge ----+- salmon ++--+-

18. CLADOGRAM

19. Derived Characters (a + symbol means the organism does have that feature) segmentedjawshairplacentamulticellularlimbs kangaroo +++-++ earthworm +---+- amoeba ------ lizard ++--++ cat ++++++ sponge ----+- salmon ++--+-

20. CLADOGRAM

21. Derived Characters (a + symbol means the organism does have that feature) segmentedjawshairplacentamulticellularlimbs kangaroo +++-++ earthworm +---+- amoeba ------ lizard ++--++ cat ++++++ sponge ----+- salmon ++--+-

22. CLADOGRAM

23. Derived Characters (a + symbol means the organism does have that feature) segmentedjawshairplacentamulticellularlimbs kangaroo +++-++ earthworm +---+- amoeba ------ lizard ++--++ cat ++++++ sponge ----+- salmon ++--+-

24. CLADOGRAM

25. Derived Characters (a + symbol means the organism does have that feature) segmentedjawshairplacentamulticellularlimbs kangaroo +++-++ earthworm +---+- amoeba ------ lizard ++--++ cat ++++++ sponge ----+- salmon ++--+-

26. CLADOGRAM

27. Derived Characters (a + symbol means the organism does have that feature) segmentedjawshairplacentamulticellularlimbs kangaroo +++-++ earthworm +---+- amoeba ------ lizard ++--++ cat ++++++ sponge ----+- salmon ++--+-

28. CLADOGRAM

30. DO: What are the relationships between A, B, C, D, and E?

31. DO: Build a cladogram

32. CLADOGRAM

33. PHYLOGENIES  Evolutionary tree of taxa or groups of organisms  Show evolutionary paths taken by populations of organisms through many generations and over long periods of time.

34. PHYLOGENIC TREEPHYLOGENIC TREE

35. Taxa  Organisms are classified by the number of characteristics they have in common.  The more characteristics organisms have in common the more taxa they have in common.

36. HEIRARCHY KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES King Phillip Cruised Over Four Giant Seas