1. 13 The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.1: Nutrition Lesson 13.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Lesson 13.3: Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.2
Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System

3. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
activities of digestion
layers of the alimentary canal
digestive organs and their functions

4. Activities of Digestion
(1) ingestion
getting food into the body
(2) propulsion
moving food along GI tract
(3) mechanical breakdown
breaks food into smaller pieces
increases surface area of food

5. Activities of Digestion
(4) chemical breakdown
also known as digestion
enzymes
(5) absorption
digested food particles moved into blood
(6) defecation

6. Activities of Digestion

7. Layers of the Alimentary Canal
mucosa
innermost layer
adjacent to lumen
submucosa
below mucosa

8. Layers of the Alimentary Canal
muscularis externa
circular muscle
longitudinal muscle
serosa
outermost layer
peritoneum
visceral
parietal

9. Layers of the Alimentary Canal

10. Review and Assessment True or False?
1. Mechanical breakdown decreases the surface area of food.
2. The mucosa is adjacent to the lumen.
3. Peritoneum is serosa.
4. In absorption, digested food moves into the blood.

11. Digestive Organs and Their Functions

12. The Oral Cavity
lips
tongue
cheeks
palate
hard
soft

13. Teeth and Gums gum teeth gingiva deciduous permanent incisor canine
molar

14. Anatomy of the Tooth

15. Salivary Glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
saliva
water
enzymes

16. Esophagus connects pharynx to stomach peristalsis
muscle contraction changes size of tube
food is moved through GI tract

17. Stomach regions three layers of muscle cardia fundus body
pyloric region
three layers of muscle

18. Lining of the Stomach gastric gland mucus-secreting cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells

19. Chemical Reactions in the Stomach
protein-digesting enzymes
chyme formation
stomach contractions

20. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: canine, fundus, parotid, esophagus.
1. region of stomach
2. connects pharynx to stomach
3. a type of tooth
4. a type of salivary gland

21. Small Intestine segments lining duodenum jejunum ileum villi
intestinal crypts

22. Small Intestine chemical breakdown absorption into the blood
emulsification by bile
break down by enzymes
absorption into the blood

23. The Liver functions of the liver hepatic portal vein
maintains nutrients in blood
converts one nutrient to another
stores nutrients
inactivates toxins
hepatic portal vein

24. Liver and Gallbladder

25. The Gallbladder functions of the gallbladder
stores bile produced by liver
releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum

26. Pancreas pancreatic juices glucose regulation
contain digestive enzymes
glucose regulation
beta cells–insulin
alpha cells–glucagon

27. Large Intestine regions cecum colon ascending transverse descending
sigmoid

28. Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus
sphincters
internal
external

29. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: jejunum, sigmoid, beta cells, gallbladder. 1. a region of the colon 2. a region of the small intestine 3. stores bile 4. produce insulin

30. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
Lesson 13.3
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System

31. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
gingivitis and periodontal disease
plaque forms tarter
cardiovascular disease
gastroesophageal reflux disease
heartburn
ulcers
Helicobacter pylori

32. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
gastroenteritis
inflammation of stomach or intestine
inflammatory bowel disease
chronic inflammation
ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease
constipation and diarrhea
infrequent or too frequent defecation

33. Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
hepatitis
inflammation of liver
pancreatitis
inflammation of pancreas
gallstones
bile forms crystals
cholecystectomy
cancer
digestive system cancers are common
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34. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis, or ulcers. 1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________. 2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________. 3. Plaque forms _______________. 4. Crystals of bile are _______________.

35. The Urinary System 14
Lesson 14.1: Anatomy of the Kidney Lesson 14.2: Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion Lesson 14.3: Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System

36. Chapter 14: The Urinary System
Lesson 14.1
Anatomy of the Kidney

37. Anatomy of the Kidney kidney location and size anatomy of the kidney
blood flow through the kidney

38. Kidney Location and Size

39. Anatomy of the Kidney renal cortex renal medulla renal pelvis outer
middle
renal pelvis
inner

40. Anatomy of the Kidney
renal medulla
pyramid
columns
ureter
bladder

41. Nerve and Blood Supply 20–25% of blood flows to kidneys renal artery
renal vein
sympathetic nerve system
renal nerve fibers

42. The Nephron basic working unit of each kidney two main parts
Functions to filter blood. What is needed is reabsorbed. What is not needed is excreted as water/urine.
two main parts
renal corpuscle (initial blood filtering)
Glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
renal tubule
Contains liquid to for kidney to filter

43. The Glomerulus glomerular capsule outer surface inner surface
Podocytes – cells that wrap around bowman’s capsule
filtration slits allow blood to transfer and filter
inner surface

44. Bowman’s Capsule Bowman's capsule
is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron
A glomerulus  is enclosed in the sac.
Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule
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45. Renal Tubule proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
collecting duct

46. Blood Flow through the Kidneys
renal artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
renal vein

47. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: nephrons, renal vein, collecting duct, or podocytes.
1. The glomerular capsule contains _______________.
2. The basic working unit of the kidney are the _______________.
3. Blood leaves the kidney through the _______________.
4. The _______________ is at the end of the tubule.

48. Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion
Chapter 14: The Urinary System
Lesson 14.2
Urine Formation, Storage, and Excretion

49. Functions of the Urinary System
urine formation
urine storage
urine excretion

50. Urine Formation filtration reabsorption secretion
water and solutes from capillary to glomerular capsular space
reabsorption
water and solutes move from tubule to capillary
secretion
wastes in capillary pushed into tubule

51. Urine Formation

52. Filtration molecules smaller than 3 nanometers pushed out of blood
hydrostatic pressure
caused by potential energy
osmotic pressure
from dissolved substances in water
pressure controls
constriction of arteries

53. Reabsorption sodium secondary active transport osmotic pressure
actively pumped out by sodium-potassium pump proteins
secondary active transport
glucose, amino acids, ions, vitamins
osmotic pressure
aquaporin channels

54. Reabsorption

55. Secretion maintain arterial blood pH at 7.4 some drugs secreted
hydrogen ions
bicarbonate ions
some drugs secreted
penicillin
aspirin

56. The Renal Medulla nephron loop descending loop ascending loop
reabsorb water
ascending loop
reabsorb sodium

57. The Countercurrent Mechanism
vasa recta
movement of blood
nephron loop
movement of filtrate

58. Hormonal Regulation of Urine Volume and Composition
aldosterone
renin reacts to produce angiotensin
atrial natriuretic peptide
causes urine volume to increase
antidiuretic hormone
causes urine volume to decrease

59. Urine Storage ureter bladder urethra kidney to bladder stores urine
bladder to outside body

60. Urine Storage

61. Urine Excretion
micturition
urination

62. Review and Assessment True or False?
1. The ureter connects kidney to bladder.
2. ADH causes a decrease in urine production.
3. Sodium is reabsorbed in the ascending loop.
4. Sodium is reabsorbed in the descending loop.
5. Urination is also called micturition.

63. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
Chapter 14: The Urinary System
Lesson 14.3
Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System

64. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
assessing renal function
diabetes
chronic kidney disease
renal dialysis
kidney stones
urinary tract infections

65. Assessing Renal Function
physical characteristics of urine
pH range 4.5–8.0
chemical composition of urine
95% water, 5% waste
glomerular filtration rate
estimate with creatinine concentration in blood

66. Diabetes diabetes mellitus diabetes insipidus
Measured via glucose in urine
type I, type II diabetes
diabetes insipidus
large amount of dilute urine (too much water)
ADH not made or not used

67. Normal Blood Glucose and Blood Insulin Levels
carbohydrate digestion leads to an increase in blood glucose level
increase in blood glucose level causes the pancreas to secrete insulin
increase in blood insulin level causes
liver glucose uptake
liver conversion of glucose to glycogen
skeletal muscle glucose uptake
skeletal muscle conversion of glucose to glycogen

68. Chronic Kidney Disease
kidney damage
glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min for at least 3 months
develops slowly

69. Renal Dialysis hemodialysis peritoneal dialysis Dialyzer
An artificial kidney designed to provide controllable transfer of solutes and water across a semi permeable membrane separating flowing blood and dialysate streams.
peritoneal dialysis
dialysis solution
peritoneum acts as dialysis membrane – things filter across and out of the body.

70. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

71. Diseases and Disorders of the Urinary System
kidney stones
calcium, magnesium, or uric acid
urinary tract infection
Cystitis
more common in women than men

72. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: diabetes mellitus, kidney stone, hemodialysis, urinary tract infection.
1. made of calcium, magnesium, or uric acid
2. cystitis
3. glucose in urine
4. uses a dialyzer