1. 2.1 Molecules to Metabolism
IB Biology HL 1
Mrs. Peters
Fall 2014

2. 2.1 Molecules to Metabolism
EI: Living organisms control their composition by a complex web of chemical reactions.
NOS: Falsification of theories: the artificial synthesis of urea helped falsify vitalism.

3. Background Information
Organic: anything that contains carbon
Organic Chemistry: The chemistry of carbon compounds
Biochemistry: the chemistry characteristics of living organisms

4. U1. Molecular Biology Molecules are important to living organisms
Molecules are classified into 4 biochemical groups and water

5. U1. Molecular Biology 4 biochemical groups Nucleic Acids Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids

6. U1. Molecular Biology
Each molecule has a specific structure and function
Biochemical molecules work together to ensure the cells needs are met

7. U1. Molecular Biology
Cell Needs Example: Read the scenario.

8. U2. Carbon Versatile atom which acts as a building block for molecules
Has 6 electrons, accepts 4 readily

9. U2. Carbon Uses covalent bonds to share electrons
Carbon atoms can bond to each other, easily, forming chains or rings

10. U2.Carbon Structures Variation in structures
Length: a chain of carbon atoms
Branching: a chain of carbon atoms with a “branch” attached

11. U2.Carbon Structures Variation in structures
Double Bonds: two bonds between two carbon atoms
Rings: carbon atoms forming bonds with each other in a ring

12. U2. Hydrocarbons
Simplest organic molecule containing only carbon and hydrogen
Tend to be hydrophobic
Examples:
Fats
petroleum

13. S2. Functional Groups
A group of atoms bonded to carbon molecules

14. S2. Functional Groups Hydroxyl group (-OH) Called alcohols
Name ends in –ol
Polar molecules
Ex: ethanol

15. S2. Functional Groups Carbonyl group (-C=O)
Called aldehydes, if located at the end of carbon chain
Ex: Propanol
Called ketone, if located elsewhere on carbon chain
Ex: Acetone

16. S2. Functional Groups Amino Group (-NH2) Called amines
Molecular building blocks of proteins (amino acids)
Ex: glycine

17. S2. Functional Groups Carboxyl Group (-COOH) Called carboxylic acids
Carbon is double-bonded to oxygen (carbonyl group) with a hydroxyl group attached
Ex: Acetic Acid

18. S2. Functional Groups Sulfhydryl group (-SH) Called thiols
Interact to help stabilize protein structures
Ex: cysteine

19. S2. Functional Groups Phosphate group (-OPO3-2) Called phosphates
Transfers energy between organic molecules
Ex: glycerol phosphate

20. S2. Functional Groups Methyl (-CH3) Called methylated compounds
Found on DNA and hormones
Ex: 5-Methyl cytidine

21. U3. Biochemical Molecules of Life
Subcomponents (building blocks)
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Lipids
Glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate groups

22. U3. Biochemical Molecules of Life
Subcomponents (building blocks)
Proteins (polypeptides)
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides

23. U3. Biochemical Molecules
Carbohydrate Classifications:
Monosaccharides: single sugar
Examples: glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose
Disaccharides: two sugars
Examples: maltose, lactose, sucrose

24. U3. Biochemical Molecules
Carbohydrate Classifications:
Polysaccharides: many sugars
Examples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

25. U3. Biochemical Molecules
Lipid Classification
Triglycerides: glycerol with three fatty acids
Example: Fat stored in adipose cells

26. U3. Biochemical Molecules
Lipid Classification
Phospholipids: phosphate group with two fatty acids
Example: Lipids forming a bilayer in cell membranes

27. U3. Biochemical Molecules
Lipid Classification
Steroids: rings of carbon with side chains
Examples: cholesterol, vitamin D, and some hormones

28. U3. Biochemical Molecules
Proteins:
Examples: Enzymes, antibodies, peptide hormones
Nucleic Acids:
Examples: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

29. S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Glucose: C6H12O6
6 atom ring with a side chain
5 carbons are in the ring, one is with the side chain
Carbons are numbered with 1 on the right
Hydroxyl groups on C 1,2,3, and 4

30. S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Glucose: C6H12O6
Biologyatsandringham.pbworks.com

31. S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Ribose: C5H10O5
5 atom ring with a side chain
4 carbons are in a ring, one in side chain
Carbon atoms are numbered with 1 on the right
Hydroxyl groups are on C 1, 2, 3

32. S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Ribose: C5H10O5
dl.clackamas.cc.or.us

33. S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Saturated Fatty Acid:
Carbon atoms form an unbranched chain
Number of carbon atoms is between 14 and 20
One end is a carboxyl group
The other end is a methyl group
Carbon atoms in between have 2 hydrogen bonded

34. S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Saturated Fatty Acid:
Courses.washington.edu

35. S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Amino Acid:
Carbon atom in center with
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Hydrogen atom
R group (variable)

36. S1. Drawing Molecular Diagrams
Amino Acid:
Education-portal.com

37. U4. Metabolism
All of the reactions within all the cells of an organism
DNA replication, synthesis of RNA, synthesis of proteins, cell respiration, photosynthesis and many more

38. U4. Metabolism Reactions are controlled by enzymes
Each enzyme has a specific job in one metabolic reaction
Enzymes speed up the rate of reactions, by making the reaction take place

39. U4. Metabolism
Metabolic pathway: when one molecule is transformed into another through a series of small steps, each performed by different enzymes

40. U4. Metabolism Metabolism has two parts:
Anabolism: synthesis of complex molecules
Catabolism: breakdown of complex molecules

41. Quick Vocab Introduction
Monomer: small repeating units; the building blocks of polymers.
EX: glucose, amino acids
Polymer: a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds; many monomers
EX: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

42. Quick Vocab Introduction
Polymer Example:
Glucose is a monomer, Starch is a polymer of glucose

43. U5. Anabolism
Larger molecules are created by the condensation reaction.
Two molecules are joined by covalent bonds
Water is a product of the reaction

44. U5. Condensation Reaction
Condensation Reaction- building polymers
Two molecules are joined to form a larger molecule, held by covalent bonds; requires an enzyme and produces one water molecule.
Each monomer contributes to water that is made, one provides the -OH, one the -H.

45. U5. Condensation Reaction
Condensation Example:
Glucose + Galactose  Lactose + water
(monomer) + (monomer)  (polymer) + water
** Lactose is really called a dimer (only two monomers are bonded together) Di- means 2
** Polymer is for many monomers bonded together; Poly- means many

46. U5. Condensation Reaction
Condensation Example:
Amino acid + amino acid  dipeptide + water
(monomer) + (monomer)  (polymer) + water
**dipeptide is formed when two amino acids bond

47. U5. Condensation Reaction
Condensation Diagram:

48. U5. Condensation Reaction
Condensation Example:
Glucose glucose  maltose

49. U5. Condensation Reaction
Condensation Example:

50. U6. Catabolism
Larger molecules (polymers) are broken down into monomers by the hydrolysis reaction
Water is used to break the covalent bonds

51. U6. Hydrolysis Reaction Hydrolysis- breaking polymers into monomers
bonds between monomers of a polymer are broken by the addition of water molecules; requires enzymes
a H from water attaches to one monomer
OH from water attaches to the other monomer

52. U6. Hydrolysis Reaction Hydrolysis Example:
Lactose + water  glucose + galactose
(polymer)+ water  (monomer) + (monomer)
** Lactose is really called a dimer (only two monomers are bonded together) Di- means 2
** Polymer is for many monomers bonded together; Poly- means many

53. U6. Hydrolysis Reaction Hydrolysis Example:
dipeptide + water  amino acid + amino acid (polymer) + water (monomer) + (monomer)
**dipeptide is formed when two amino acids bond

54. U6. Hydrolysis Reaction
Hydrolysis Diagram:

55. U6. Hydrolysis Reaction Hydrolysis Example:
Lactose + water  galactose + glucose
People.stfx.ca

56. U6. Hydrolysis Reaction
Hydrolysis Example:
En.wikibooks.org

57. Nature of Science Vitalism and Urea
Theory of Vitalism: living organisms were composed of organic chemicals that could only be produced in living organisms because of a “vital force” required to make them.

58. Nature of Science Vitalism and Urea
1828: German Chemist Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea using silver isocyanate and ammonium chloride.
He created an organic compound artificially without a vital force.

59. Nature of Science Vitalism and Urea
This began the falsification of the theory
Biologists now accept that living organisms are governed by the same chemical and physical forces as non-living matter

60. Nature of Science Vitalism and Urea
There are still some complex proteins that have not been artificially synthesized: Hemoglobin