1. Organic Functional Groups

2. Formal assessment – analyzing student responses to the practice
Objectives:
Today I will be able to:
Identify and name the functional groups in organic compounds
Explain the definition of an isomer
Differentiate between cis and trans isomers
Informal assessment – monitoring student interactions and questions as they complete the practice
Formal assessment – analyzing student responses to the practice
Common Core Connection
Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them
Reason abstactly

3. Lesson Sequence Evaluate: Warm-up Explain: Isomers, Cis vs. Trans
Explore/Explain: Functional Groups
Elaborate: Worksheet
Evaluate: Exit Ticket

4. Warm Up Draw the structure and determine what is wrong with the name
1 – ethyl -3-methyl-2-propylpentane
2-methyl-3,4-ethylnonane
2,2- dimethyl-2-pentene

5. Objectives Today I will be able to:
Identify and name the functional groups in organic compounds
Explain the definition of an isomer
Differentiate between cis and trans isomers

6. Homework Cation/Anion Quiz sometime the week of September 8-11
Solubility Rule Quiz sometime the week of September 15-19

7. Agenda Warm-up Isomers, Cis vs. Trans Functional Groups
Practice Worksheet
Exit Ticket

8. Isomers, Cis vs. Trans

10. Functional Groups Notes Outline
Complete the functional groups outline using your textbook. We will review as a class.

11. Practice Worksheet
Complete the practice problems at your desk. We will review the answers as a class.

12. Organic Notes

13. The Shapes of Organic Molecules
In the VSEPR model, the bonds to a carbon are comprised of four electron pairs:
Single bonds: tetrahedral
One double bond: trigonal-planar
Two double bonds: linear
This helps to determine molecular shapes and how they will react with other molecules and how quickly

14. The Stabilities of Organic Substances
Triple bonds are stronger than double bonds which are stronger than single bonds; this results from decreasing bond length
Most reactions between oxygen and organic compounds are exothermic and stable at room temperature
Special stability is associated with the presence of aromatic rings due to the overlap of the pi orbitals of the carbon atoms that cause the electrons to delocalize (resonance structures)

15. Solubility and Acid/Base Properties of Organic Substances
Carbon Carbon and Carbon Hydrogen bonds are the most prevalent in these substances
Overall low polarity and soluble in nonpolar solvents
Molecules are soluble in water have polar groups on the surface of the molecule
Acidic substances: carboxylic acids –COOH
Basic substances: amines –NH2, -NHR, -NR2
Amino Acids: contain both the carboxylic acid and amino groups; amphoteric (acting as either an acid or base)

16. Introduction to Hydrocarbons
Alkanes (Ethane) CH3 CH3

17. Alkanes An organic compound containing only single bonds
Geometry of each carbon atom is tetrahedral with sp3 hybridization
These are considered saturated hydrocarbon

18. Alkanes
Straight chain hydrocarbons: carbons atoms are joined in a single continuous chain
Branched chain hydrocarbons: hydrocarbon chains with four or more atoms can form branches rather than straight chains
Structural isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but different bonding arrangements; also known as resonance structures

19. Nomenclature of Alkanes
Find the longest carbon chain and use the number of carbon atoms

20. Nomenclature of Alkanes
Number the carbon atoms with the lowest number at the closest substituent
Name the substituent groups and if there is more than one group list them in alphabetical order with the carbon number attached
Alkyl group: removing an H atom from an alkane to form a substituent group

21. Cycloalkanes Cycloalkanes are rings or cycles of alkanes
These are shown as simple polygons when they are drawn
Rings with less than five atoms are considered unstable
Most cycloalkanes behave like unsaturated hydrocarbons

22. Alkane Reactions
Alkanes are relatively unreactive because of their stable state
Combustion: basic reaction for use of fuels

23. Alkenes An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a double carbon carbon bond

24. Alkene
There are several isomers that exists for an alkene when there are four or more carbon atoms
Geometric isomers: compounds that have the same molecular formula and the same groups bonded but different spatial arrangements; results from the carbon carbon double bond’s resistance to twisting

25. Alkynes
An unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a triple carbon carbon bond
These compounds are highly reactive

26. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Are planar rings with a sigma and pi bond
Chart of common aromatic ring systems are on page 977

27. Functional Groups: Alcohols and Ethers
A functional group is a site of reactivity in an organic molecule that controls how a molecule behaves and functions
See page 980 for reference to chart

28. Alcohols
Alcohols are hydrocarbon derivatives in which one or more hydrocarbons of a parent hydrocarbon have been replaced by an –OH (hydroxyl group)

29. Ethers
Ethers are compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to one oxygen; can be formed from two molecules of alcohol by splitting out a molecule of water

30. Compounds with a Carbonyl Group
A carbonyl group is a functional group that contains a carbon oxygen double bond
C = O
Aldehydes: have at least one hydrogen atom attached to the molecule
Ketones: Occurs at the interior of a carbon chain, therefore enclosed by carbon atoms

31. Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehyde Ketone

32. Carboxylic Acids
These acids contain the carboxyl functional group (-COOH) and can be produced by the oxidation of alcohols

33. Esters
Carboxylic acid that undergo condensation reaction with alcohols
Hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base is called saponification

34. Amines and Amides
Amines are organic bases and amides are the products of a condensation reaction between an amine and a carboxylic acid