1. 4/5
KEY CONCEPT Organic molecules are the foundation of life.

2. 4/5
Objectives
Identify what makes an organic molecule “organic”
Identify/Recognize carbon skeletons & functional groups in organic molecules
Relate monomers to polymers
Describe the processes of building and breaking polymers (2 reactions involved)
Describe the basic structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

3. Introduction to Organic Biomolecules
Introduction to Organic Biomolecules!!!! Directions: While you watch this video, please answer the questions on the worksheet.
Biological Molecules - You Are What You Eat: Crash Course Biology #3 - YouTube

4. Organic Molecules
Organic Molecules
Carbon-based molecules
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms as it tries to fill its outermost energy level.
Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules made of only carbons and hydrogens (example CH4)
Inorganic Molecules
Non-carbon based molecules
Examples: H20, NH3, O2

5. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
4/5
Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
straight chain
branched chain
ring

6. Functional Groups on Organic molecules
Functional Group – group of atoms within a molecule that interact in predicable ways with other molecules.

7. 4/5
Polymers vs Monomers
Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits/peices bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits/pieces
Polymers are made of many monomers.

8. Monomers bond together to build Polymers
4/5
Monomers bond together to build Polymers
Each time a monomer is added to a chain a water molecule is released (dehydration reaction)
Each time a monomer is broken from a chain a water molecule is added (hydrolysis reaction)
Dehydration Rxn
Hydrolysis Rxn

9. Dehydration Reaction (Lose Water) when adding monomers to the polymer

10. Hydrolysis Reaction (add water) when breaking polymers

11. Four main types of organic molecules are found in living things
4/5
Four main types of organic molecules are found in living things
Carbohydrates (5.2)
Lipids (5.3)
Proteins (5.4 & 5.5)
Nucleic Acids

12. 4/5
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (Ratio= 1C:2H:1O)
Are made up of monomers of simple sugar molecules
The building blocks (simple sugar monomers) of carbohydrates are ring-shaped.

13. Three Types of Carbohydrates
4/5
Three Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharides

14. 4/5
Carbohydrates include
Sugars
starches.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars. (ex: glucose)
Disaccharides are made up of two monosaccharides (ex: sucrose)
Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen. (ex: found in pasta & potatoes)

15. Functions of Carbohydrates:
4/5
Functions of Carbohydrates:
1. Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells ( this requires water: Hydrolysis Rxn)
2. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure (provide support)
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer

16. Warm-Up
What are the monomers of Carbohydrates?
List the 3 different types of carbohydrates and give an example of each.
Which carbohydrate is found in plant cells?

17. 4/5
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Lipids are Hydrophobic molecules “water fearing”
Example (oil and water don’t mix)
Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Fats and oils contain:
fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

18. Lipids
Structure Close-Up:
- Glycerol
- fatty acid chains

19. 4/5
Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids (bad for you)
unsaturated fatty acids

20. 4/5
Lipids have several different functions.
broken down as a source of energy
make up cell membranes (phospholipids)
used to make hormones

21. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
4/5
Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
Polar phosphate “head”
Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid
Hydrophillic
Hydrophobic

22. A closer look at phospholipid orientation in cell membranes:

23. Steroids
Steroids are lipid molecules that form 4-Ring structures
Function: Act as chemical signals in our bodies
Example: Testosterone & Estrogen sex hormones
Example: Cholesterol (in cell membranes)

24. Lipids are hydrophobic and nonpolar. What do those words mean?
Warm - Up
Lipids are hydrophobic and nonpolar. What do those words mean?
What is the name of the lipids that make up cell membranes?
What is the general structure of steroids?
Hydrophobic = fear of water
Nonpolar = no charged areas
phospholipids
4 connected Closed-Rings

25. 4/5
Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Parts of an amino acid:

26. 4/5
Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

27. Building a Protein Polymer
How would you put these amino acid monomers together to form a protein polymer?

28. 4/5
Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

29. Polypeptides
Polypeptides are the result of joining many amino acid monomers

30. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
4/5
Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin
Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.
Denaturation – proteins loose their shape in unfavorable conditions (temperature or pH)

31. Warm-Up: Organic Molecules Review
List the 4 types of organic molecules
Monomers of carbohydrates?
Two main functions of carbohydrates?
Examples of Carbohydrates?
Lipid that makes up cell membranes?
Two types of Fatty Acids in lipids?

32. Warm-Up
What are the building blocks of Proteins?
What are the 4 main parts of an amino acid?
What part of an amino acid give it it’s identity?
What reaction puts amino acids together? What happens during that reaction?
What special type of bond links amino acids?

33. Enzymes
Many chemical reactions occur inside cells
Reactants  products
Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to start a reaction.
Activation Energy -The energy needed to start up a reaction
Catalyst – any compound that speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy

34. Enzymes are never ‘used up’
Enzymes are reaction specific
Substrate – reactant
Active site – groove area where substrates attach to enzyme
Enzymes always pick up another substrate when the active site is unoccupied!!
Enzyme Animation - YouTube

35. Enzymes Speed Up Chemical Reactions
They are able to do this by LOWERING the activation energy of a reaction.

36. Activation Energy is lowered!
A reaction utilizing an enzyme = catalytic reaction
Activation Energy is lowered!

37. 4/5
Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.

38. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
4/5
Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of a:
sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen base
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

39. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
4/5
Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
DNA
DNA stores genetic information.
RNA
RNA builds proteins.