1. 1. What were the two most important trade items in Ghana? 2. Describe the importance of Mansa Musa. 3. Explain the Bantu migrations and its’ importance.

2. Standard 8

3.  SSWH8 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America.  a. Explain the rise and fall of the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and Inca empires.  b. Compare the culture of the Americas; include government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.

4.  What were the 4 major empires of Central and South America?

6. 1. Olmec 2. Mayan 3. Aztec 4. Inca

7.  First known Mesoamerican civilization  Mesoamerica: Central Mexico to northern Honduras (Central America)  Often called “mother culture” because of influence on other Mesoamerican societies  1200 BCE: Located in jungles of southern Mexico  In modern-day Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco (video)video

10.  Developed large trading network throughout Mesoamerica which brought them great wealth and spread culture  Create courtyards, pyramids, and large stone monuments  Some monuments weighed 44 tons  Worship jaguar spirit  Found on pottery, monuments, and sculptures

13.  Unknown reasons- declined by 400BC 2 theories: 1. Outside invaders destroyed Olmec 2. Death of rulers Cities and symbols influenced later cultures- esp the Mayans

14.  Located from southern Mexico to northern Central America  Adopted Olmec culture  Built cities throughout empire  50 major sites discovered (video)video

17.  Mayans were divided into individual city-states ruled by king-gods  Centers of religious ceremonies and trade  Built giant pyramids, temples, palaces, and stone carvings  Economy was based on trade & farming maize/beans  Cities linked by alliances and trade  Traded salt, flint, feathers, shells, honey, cotton textiles, and jade

18.  (1) Kings (dynasties) (2) Nobles, priests (3) warriors (4) Merchants, artisans (5) Peasants

21.  Polytheistic  Offered their blood, food, and sometimes human sacrifices to please the gods  Gods of corn, death, rain, and war  Gods could be good or evil  Believe each day was a god whose behavior could be predicted with calendars

22. 3 ways to honor gods: 1. Prayer & offerings: food, flowers, incense 2. Bloodletting: barbed strings through the tongue and ears  Believe blood nourishes gods 3. Human sacrifice  Used captured enemies  Believe human sacrifice pleases the gods and kept the world in balance

24.  Mayans invented a writing based on pictures called glyphs, an accurate 365-day calendar, & advanced temples

25. 1. Calendar: 365 days  Identified best times to plant crops, attack enemies, and crown new rulers 2. Mathematics: included the concept of zero  Used for calendar and astronomy 3. Astronomy 4. Hieroglyphics: most advanced in ancient Americas  Recorded historic events

26.  700’s: warfare in many Mayan cities  Disrupts trade and economy  Problems with population growth and over- farming  Led to food shortages, famine, and disease

29.  What is the belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death?  What was the first known Mesoamerican civilization located in the jungles of Southern Mexico?  Which empire was located from Southern Mexico to Northern Central America, adopted Olmec culture, and built cities throughout their empire?

30.  Partner up, answer, and discuss the questions on the following pages  Pg. 243: 2, 3, 4  Read pg. 244-245, 450-451  Pg. 449: 2, 3, 4, 5