1. Chapter 7: Work and Energy
Work Energy
 Work done by a constant force
(scalar product)
 Work done by a varying force
(scalar product & integrals)
Kinetic Energy
Work-Energy Theorem
Work and Energy

2. Forms of Mechanical Energy
Work and Energy

3. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Work and Energy

4. Work and Energy

5. Work by a Baseball Pitcher
A baseball pitcher is doing work on
the ball as he exerts the force over
a displacement.
v1 = 0
v2 = 44 m/s
Work and Energy

6. Work done by several forces

7. Work Done by a Constant Force (I)
Work (W)
 How effective is the force in moving a body ?
 Both magnitude (F) and directions (q ) must be taken into account.
W [Joule] = ( F cos q ) d
Work and Energy

8. Work Done by a Constant Force (II)
Example: Work done on the bag by the person..
 Special case: W = 0 J
a) WP = FP d cos ( 90o )
b) Wg = m g d cos ( 90o )
 Nothing to do with the motion
Work and Energy

9. Example 1A A 50.0-kg crate is pulled 40.0 m by a
constant force exerted (FP = 100 N and
q = 37.0o) by a person. A friction force Ff =
50.0 N is exerted to the crate. Determine
the work done by each force acting on the
crate.
Work and Energy

10. Example 1A (cont’d) F.B.D. WP = FP d cos ( 37o )
Wf = Ff d cos ( 180o )
Wg = m g d cos ( 90o )
WN = FN d cos ( 90o )
180o d
90o
Work and Energy

11. Example 1A (cont’d) WP = 3195 [J] Wf = -2000 [J] (< 0) Wg = 0 [J]
WN = 0 [J]
180o
Work and Energy

12. Example 1A (cont’d) The body’s speed increases. Wnet = SWi
= 1195 [J] (> 0)
The body’s speed increases.
Work and Energy

13. Work-Energy Theorem Wnet = Fnet d = ( m a ) d
= m [ (v2 2 – v1 2 ) / 2d ] d
= (1/2) m v2 2 – (1/2) m v1 2
= K2 – K1
Work and Energy

14. Example 2 A car traveling 60.0 km/h to can brake to
a stop within a distance of 20.0 m. If the car
is going twice as fast, 120 km/h, what is its
stopping distance ?
(a)
(b)
Work and Energy

15. Example 2 (cont’d) (1) Wnet = F d(a) cos 180o
= - F d(a) = 0 – m v(a)2 / 2
 - F x (20.0 m) = - m (16.7 m/s)2 / 2
(2) Wnet = F d(b) cos 180o
= - F d(b) = 0 – m v(b)2 / 2
 - F x (? m) = - m (33.3 m/s)2 / 2
(3) F & m are common. Thus, ? = 80.0 m
Work and Energy

16. Work and Energy

17. Satellite in a circular orbit
Does the Earth do work on the satellite?
Work and Energy

18. B 2
Work and Energy

19. Forces on a hammerhead
Forces
Work and Energy

20. S
S23 Fn
Work and Energy

21. Spring Force (Hooke’s Law)FS
Spring Force
(Restoring Force):
The spring exerts its force in the
direction opposite
the displacement. FP
x > 0
Natural Length
x < 0
FS(x) = - k x
Work and Energy

22. Work Done to Stretch a SpringFS FP
FS(x) = - k x
Natural Length x2
W = FP(x) dx x1 W
Work and Energy

23. Work and Energy

24. Work Done by a Varying Forcelb
W = F|| dl la
Dl  0
Work and Energy

25. Example 1A A person pulls on the spring, stretching it
3.0 cm, which requires a maximum force
of 75 N. How much work does the person
do ? If, instead, the
person compresses
the spring cm,
how much work
does the person do ?
Work and Energy

26. Example 1A (cont’d) x2 = 0.030 m (a) Find the spring constant k
k = Fmax / xmax
= (75 N) / (0.030 m) = 2.5 x 103 N/m
(b) Then, the work done by the person is
WP = (1/2) k xmax2 = 1.1 J
(c)
x2 = m
WP = FP(x) d x = 1.1 J
x1 = 0
Work and Energy

27. Example 1B A person pulls on the spring, stretching it
3.0 cm, which requires a maximum force
of 75 N. How much work does the spring
do ? If, instead, the
person compresses
the spring cm,
how much work
does the spring do ?
Work and Energy

28. Example 1B (cont’d) x2 = -0.030 m (a) Find the spring constant k
k = Fmax / xmax
= (75 N) / (0.030 m) = 2.5 x 103 N/m
(b) Then, the work done by the spring is
(c) x2 = m  WS = -1.1 J
x2 = m
WS = FS(x) d x = -1.1 J
x1 = 0
Work and Energy

29. Example 2 A 1.50-kg block is pushed against a spring
(k = 250 N/m), compressing it m, and
released. What will be the speed of the
block when it separates from the spring at
x = 0? Assume mk =
0.300.
FS = - k x
(i) F.B.D. first !
(ii) x < 0
Work and Energy

30. Example 2 (cont’d) x2 = 0 m (a) The work done by the spring is
(b) Wf = - mk FN (x2 – x1) = ( )
(c) Wnet = WS + Wf = x 0.200
(d) Work-Energy Theorem: Wnet = K2 – K1
 4.12 = (1/2) m v2 – 0
 v = 2.34 m/s
x2 = 0 m
WS = FS(x) d x = J
x1 = m
Work and Energy

31. Potential Energy and Energy Conservation
Conservative/Nonconservative Forces
 Work along a path
(Path integral)
 Work around any closed path
Potential Energy
Mechanical Energy Conservation
Energy Conservation

32. Work Done by the Gravitational Force (I)
Near the Earth’s surface l
(Path integral)
Energy Conservation

33. Work Done by the Gravitational Force (II)
Near the Earth’s surface y
(Path integral) dl
Energy Conservation

34. Work Done by the Gravitational Force (III)
Wg < 0 if y2 > y1
Wg > 0 if y2 < y1
The work done by the gravitational
force depends only on the initial and
final positions..
Energy Conservation

35. Work Done by the Gravitational Force (IV)
Wg(ABCA)
= Wg(AB) +
Wg(BC) +
Wg(CA)
= mg(y1 – y2) +
0 +
mg(y2- y1)
= 0 C B dl A
Energy Conservation

36. Energy Conservation

37. Work Done by the Gravitational Force (V)
Wg = 0 for a closed path
The gravitational force is a conservative force.
Energy Conservation

38. Work Done by Ff (I) (Path integral) - μmg L L depends on the path. LB
Path B
Path A LA
Energy Conservation

39. Work Done by Ff (II) The work done by the friction force
depends on the path length.
The friction force:
(a) is a non-conservative force;
(b) decreases mechanical energy of the system.
Wf = 0 (any closed path)
Energy Conservation

40. Example 1 A 1000-kg roller-coaster car moves from
point A, to point B and then to point C.
What is its gravitational potential energy
at B and C
relative to
point A?
Energy Conservation

41. Wg(AC) = Ug(yA) – Ug(yC)
Wg(ABC) = Wg(AB) + Wg(BC)
= mg(yA- yB) + mg(yB - yC)
= mg(yA - yC) y B A dl B C A
Energy Conservation

42. Climbing the Sear tower
Work and Energy

43. Power
Work and Energy

44. The Burj Khalifa is the largest man made structure in the world
and was designed by Adrian
Smith class of 1966
thebatt.com Febuary 25th