1. Steps in Ration Formulation Mrs. “C” Jr. / Sr. Vet Science

2. Lecture Objectives Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient content using simultaneous equations.Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient content using simultaneous equations. Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient content using Pearson square.Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient content using Pearson square. Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients to a desired nutrient content using simultaneous equations.Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients to a desired nutrient content using simultaneous equations. Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients to a desired nutrient content using Pearson square.Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients to a desired nutrient content using Pearson square.

3. Lecture Objectives Formulate a diet using the substitution method in order to change the nutrient content.Formulate a diet using the substitution method in order to change the nutrient content. Recognize the steps used in order to formulate a ration.Recognize the steps used in order to formulate a ration. Recognize when to use body composition scoring, why and how it is used.Recognize when to use body composition scoring, why and how it is used. Evaluate a beef cow or sheep to determine its condition.Evaluate a beef cow or sheep to determine its condition.

4. I. Algebraic equations Formulate 100 lb of a complete swine diet containing 16% crude protein (CP). The feeds to be used are corn (8.9% CP) and a commercial supplement containing 36% CP. A. Algebraic equations – a system of two equations in two unknowns 1. Mathematical procedure X=lb corn Y=lb supplement

5. I. Algebraic equations Equation (1) X + Y = 100 lb diet Equation (2) 0.089X + 0.360Y=16.0 lb protein (16% of 100 lb) - Equation (3) - 0.089X-0.089 Y = -8.9 0.271Y=7.1

6. I. Algebraic equations 7.1 Y =0.271 = 26.2 lb (lb supplement) X = 100 – 26.2 = 73.8 (lb corn) b. Check 73.8 lb corn x 8.9% CP = 6.57 lb CP 26.2 lb supplement x 36.0% CP = 9.43 lb CP 6.57 + 9.43 = 16.0 lb CP in 100 lb diet (73.8+26.2)

7. II. Pearson Square Formulate 100 lb of a complete swine diet containing 16% crude protein (CP). The feeds to be used are corn (8.9% CP) and a commercial supplement containing 36% CP. Corn8.9% parts corn Supplement parts 36.0%supplement 16%

8. II. Pearson Square Corn8.9%20.0 parts corn Supplement 7.1 parts 36.0%supplement 16%

9. II. Pearson Square 20.0 parts corn 20.0 parts corn 27.1 total parts x 100 = 73.8% corn 27.1 total parts x 100 = 73.8% corn 7.1 parts supplement 27.1 total parts x 100 = 26.2% supplement 73.8% x 100 lb = 73.8 lb corn 26.2% x 100 lb = 26.2 lb supplement

10. II. Pearson Square d. Check 73.8 lb corn x 8.9% CP=6.57 lb CP 26.2 lb supplement x 36.0% CP = 9.43 lb CP 100.0 lb diet16.00 lb CP e. Precautions about using the Pearson square It can only be used for two feed materials; however, either or both of these can be mixtures.

11. II. Using Fixed Ingredients Prepare 1000 lb of diet from corn (8.9% CP), SBM (46% CP) and fixed ingredients totaling 10% of the diet (e.g., salt, limestone, dicalcium phosphate, trace mineral premix, vitamin premix, etc.).Prepare 1000 lb of diet from corn (8.9% CP), SBM (46% CP) and fixed ingredients totaling 10% of the diet (e.g., salt, limestone, dicalcium phosphate, trace mineral premix, vitamin premix, etc.). The final diet should contain 14% CP. Assume no protein content in the fixed ingredients.The final diet should contain 14% CP. Assume no protein content in the fixed ingredients.

12. II. Using Fixed Ingredients A. Use of Pearson square 1. Find percent protein to use in center of square. The nonfixed portion (corn – SBM combination) is 900 lb (1000 lb x 90%) and will have to supply all the protein (1000 x 14% = 140 lb protein).

13. II. Using Fixed Ingredients To do this by the Pearson square method, it is first necessary to calculate what percent protein will be needed in the corn-SBM combination to provide 140 lb of protein per 900 lb, as follows 140 900 (100) = 15.56% CP

14. II. Using Fixed Ingredients This figure is then used in conjunction with the Pearson square as follows Corn8.9%30.44 parts corn SBM 46% 6.66 parts SBM 37.10 15.56

15. II. Using Fixed Ingredients 30.44 37.10 (100) = 82.05% corn 6.66 37.10 (100) = 17.95% SBM 900 lb x 82.05% = 738.45 lb corn 900 lb x 17.95% = 161.55 lb SBM

16. II. Using Fixed Ingredients B. Use of algebraic equations for the same problem X= lb corn Y = lb SBM X+Y = 100.089X +.46Y = 15.56 -.089X-.089Y=-8.9.371 Y = 6.66 Y= 17.95 X = 82.05

17. II. Using Fixed Ingredients c. If any of the fixed ingredients contain protein, the amount contributed to the diet is calculated and then subtracted from the total quantity needed before formulation by either Pearson square or algebra.

18. III. Substitution Method A. A process of substituting one amount of one ingredient for that amount of another or of substituting in a new ingredient. B. Example of an original formulation Ingredient Amount, lb%CPCP, lb Smooth brome hay6063.60 Ground corn3392.97 SBM7463.22 100Total9.79

19. III. Substitution Method C. Assume you want to increase the crude protein content to 13% by substituting SBM for corn. Rather than using a trial and error approach, establish a one for one substitution Add in 1 lb SBM =.46 lb CP Remove 1 lb corn –0.09 lb CP Net change in protein +.37 lb CP

20. III. Substitution Method D. Since you want to increase the 9.79% to 13% CP, you will need 3.21 lb (13-9.79) additional protein in each 100 lb mixture Thus, if each one for one substitution increases CP by 0.37 lb, then 3.21 0.37 = 8.68 lb SBM needed to substitute instead of 8.68 lb corn

21. III. Substitution Method E. The revised formulation follows Amt, lb%CPCP, lb Smooth brome hay60 63.60 Ground corn24.32 92.19 SBM15.68 467.21 100Total 13.00

22. III. Substitution Method F. Another possible substitution would be to replace some of the low protein containing brome hay (6% CP) with a high protein content alfalfa hay (16% CP). Add in 1 lb alfalfay hay = +0.16 lb CP Remove 1 lb brome hay –0.06 lb CP +0.10 lb CP

23. III. Substitution Method F. Thus, if each one for one substitution increases CP by.10 lb, then 3.21 0.10=32.1 lb alfalfa hay to substitute for 32.1 lb brome hay This revised formulation follows Amt, lb%CPCP, lb Smooth brome hay 27.961.67 Alfalfa hay 32.1165.14 Ground corn 33.09.02.97 SBM 7.0463.22 100Total 13.00 100Total 13.00

24. IV. Ration Formulation Steps 1. Using NRC requirement tables, determine the nutritional requirements of the group of animals to be fed. Based on ageage physiological stagephysiological stage 2. Determine feedstuffs available and appropriate for feeding.

25. IV. Ration Formulation Steps 3. List the nutrient composition of the feeds to be used in the feeding program. 4. Use guidelines for expected dry matter intake, crude protein and energy needs. 5. Check the ration for other nutrients, such as calcium, phophorus and vitamins.

26. IV. Ration Formulation Steps 6. Check the ration for palatability, any excesses or deficiencies, cost of ration and any other ingredients needed (trace- mineralized salt, etc.)

27. V. Methods to Measure Energy Status A. Slaughter and carcass composition B. Calorimetry C. Body weight D.Water dilution E.Body composition scoring (BCS) F.Ultrasound

28. VI. Condition Scoring A. Body Composition Scoring 1. Milk production 2. Fertility 3. Energy mobilization 4. Quantitative energy measure

29. VI. Condition Scoring B. Reasons to use 1. Determine if feeding program is adequate 2. Determine body reserves 3. Keep track of condition 4. Tissue/fat mobilization

30. VI. Condition Scoring C. When to use 1. Reproductive function 2. Late lactation 3. Dry off 4. Just record and use

31. VI. Condition Scoring D. How to use 1. Different for each species 2. Same standard for all of species 3. Visual + palpation 4. Score both sides of animal

32. VI. Condition Scoring E. Goals of BCS 1. Minimize negative energy balance 2. Control condition loss 3. Score individual/group of animals 4. Record and use scores 5. Have cows/heifers enter dry period or parturition in good condition

33. Lecture Objectives Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient content using simultaneous equations.Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient content using simultaneous equations. Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient content using Pearson square.Formulate a diet containing a desired nutrient content using Pearson square. Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients to a desired nutrient content using simultaneous equations.Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients to a desired nutrient content using simultaneous equations. Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients to a desired nutrient content using Pearson square.Formulate a diet containing fixed ingredients to a desired nutrient content using Pearson square.

34. Lecture Objectives Formulate a diet using the substitution method in order to change the nutrient content.Formulate a diet using the substitution method in order to change the nutrient content. Recognize the steps used in order to formulate a ration.Recognize the steps used in order to formulate a ration. Recognize when to use body composition scoring, why and how it is used.Recognize when to use body composition scoring, why and how it is used. Evaluate a beef cow or sheep to determine its condition.Evaluate a beef cow or sheep to determine its condition.