1. Chapter 1 *Lecture Outline
*See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
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2. Chapter 1 Outline History of Anatomy Definition of Anatomy
Structural Organization of the Body
Language of Anatomy

3. What Is Anatomy? Study of structure
Greek for “to cut up” or “cut open”
Need to know parts before functions
Physiology is the study of function
See Table 1.1 to compare anatomy and physiology of a structure

4. Two Sizes of Anatomy Microscopic (a.k.a. histology)
Structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Gross
Structures that can be seen with the unaided eye
a.k.a. = also known as

5. Gross Subdisciplines Comparative anatomy Developmental anatomy
Examines similarities and differences in anatomy of species
Developmental anatomy
study of structure changes within an individual from conception through maturity
Embryology
study of developmental changes occurring prior to birth

6. Gross Subdisciplines Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Surface anatomy
study of structures within a single region
e.g., the head and neck or abdomen
Systemic anatomy
study of structures involved with a specific activity
e.g., digestion or reproduction
Surface anatomy
study of internal structures as their locations relate to regions of skin or other surface markings

7. Structural Organization of the Human Body
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissue
Organs
Systems
Organism

8. Structural Organization of the Human Body
Figure 1.3

9. Characteristics of a “Living” Organism
Organization (see previous two slides)
Metabolism
Growth and Development
Responsiveness
Adaptation
Regulation
Reproduction

10. Introduction to Organ Systems
There are 11* organ systems in the human body
Study trick: “Run Mrs. Lidec!”
(*counting male and female reproductive systems separately = 12)
Each with organs that work together to perform specific functions

11. Figure 1.4

12. Figure 1.4
continued

13. Figure 1.4
continued

14. Figure 1.4
continued

15. Language of Anatomy
Anatomy is a visual science, based on proper terminology.
For instance, if you are standing up, your heart is “above” your stomach…
but where is the heart relative to the stomach when you are lying down?
A standard universal position for comparing structures is needed.

16. (see next slide for example)
The Anatomic Position
Characteristics of the anatomic position:
Standing upright
Feet parallel and on the floor
Head level and looking forward
Arms at side of body
Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body
(see next slide for example)

17. Anatomic Position

18. Sections and Planes
Used to visualize internal and 3-D anatomy of body parts relative to each other
A section
an actual cut or slice through a structure
or a piece removed by slicing a structure
Planes
imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body or an organ
there are three standard anatomic planes

19. Three Anatomic Planes Coronal (frontal) plane
divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
Midsagittal (median) plane
divides the body into equal left and right halves
other sagittal planes divide the body into unequal left and right parts

20. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./ Eric Wise, photographer
Body Planes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Coronal
plane
Transverse
plane
Midsagittal
plane
Figure 1.5
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./ Eric Wise, photographer

21. Anatomic Directions
Allow us to describe the relative position of one body structure in relation to another
Anterior vs. posterior
Superior vs. inferior
Medial vs. lateral
Proximal vs. distal
(see next 2 slides)

22. Anatomic Directions
Figure 1.7

24. Regional Anatomy The body can be divided into 2 major regions: Axial
head, neck, and trunk (the vertical axis of the body)
Appendicular
upper and lower limbs (appendages)

26. Body Cavities Posterior cavities Ventral cavities
Cranial: formed by skull bones
Vertebral: formed by vertebral column bones
Ventral cavities
Thoracic: the superior cavity
Abdominopelvic: the inferior cavity
physically separated by the diaphragm

27. Body Cavities
Figure 1.9

29. Cavity Membranes Ventral cavities are lined by a thin serous membrane
divided into two continuous parts (layers):
Parietal layer: lines the internal surface of the body wall
Visceral layer: covers the external surface of organs in the cavity
both layers produce a small amount of fluid to lubricate the organs, protect against friction

30. Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10

31. Thoracic Cavity
The heart is located in a middle compartment called the mediastinum.
Figure 1.10

32. Thoracic Cavity
The serous membrane that surrounds the heart is called the pericardium.
As the heart develops, it projects into the pericardium but doesn’t break it.
Figure 1.10

33. Thoracic Cavity The pericardium develops 2 continuous layers:
Visceral pericardium: on surface of heart
Parietal pericardium: surrounding heart
Between the layers is a space called the pericardial cavity
Similar development happens with the lungs (see p. 16)

34. Abdominopelvic Cavity
Two continuous cavities with no physical separation
Abdominal cavity (superior)
Pelvic cavity (inferior)
The anatomical boundary between the two cavities is an imaginary horizontal line drawn across the superior border of both hip bones

35. Membranes of the Abdominopelvic Cavities
The serous membrane = peritoneum
Two continuous layers
Visceral peritoneum: on outer surface of organs
Parietal peritoneum: lining the internal walls and not directly in contact with the organs

36. Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
Being largest cavity, it is divided
using 2 sagittal and 2 horizontal planes
into 9 regions (see next slide)
allowing anatomists and health-care professionals a more accurate way to describe organ locations

37. Nine Region Division Figure 1.11 Right hypochondriac region Left
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Right
hypochondriac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right
iliac
region
Left
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region
Figure 1.11
(a) Abdominopelvic regions

38. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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The abdomino- pelvic cavity can also be divided into 4 quadrants.
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
(b) Abdominopelvic quadrants
Figure 1.11