1. Chapter 7 Key Terms 1 AtlasAxis ClavicleLacunae LamellaLigaments OssificationSuture Red Bone MarrowForamen Yellow Bone MarrowTendon OsteoblastOsteoclast EndosteumPeriosteum TubercleTrabeculae

2. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 7: SKELETAL SYSTEM 2

3. Introduction  Leonardo da Vinci was the first to correctly illustrate the human skeleton with all 206 bones  Over half are found in the foot and hand  Parts of the skeletal system:  Bones  Joints  Cartilage  Ligaments  Tendons 3

4. Functions  Supports surrounding tissues  Protects vital organs and soft tissues of the body  Assists in movement  Manufactures blood cells  Hematopoiesis: process of making blood  Stores mineral salts 4

5. How is bone made?  Ossification  The formation of bone by osteoblasts  Intramembranous Ossification  Connective tissue membranes are replaced by deposits of inorganic calcium salts  Endochondral Ossification  Organic matrix synthesized and osteoblast gets surrounded by bone matrix  Occurs everywhere except bones in the skull 5

6. Bone Structure 6

7. 7

8. Classifications of Bone 8  Long Bones  Bones whose length exceeds their width  Consist of a diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal line, epiphysis  Thickness of compact bone is greatest near the middle of the shaft  Medullary cavity is found inside the shaft  Epiphysis is composed mainly of cancellous bone  Large epiphyses provide large surface area for muscle attachment and articulation with other bones

9. Classifications of Bone  Short bones  Somewhat irregular in shape  Lack a long axis  Majority is cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone  Carpals and tarsals 9

10. Classifications of Bone  Flat Bones  Provide large surface area and protection for vital parts of the body  Consist of two flat plates of compact bone surrounding cancellous bone  Sternum, ribs, scapula, skull… 10

11. Classifications of Bone  Irregular  Very irregular in shape  Spongy bone enclosed by thin layers of compact bone  Vertebra and ossicles in ear  Sesamoid  Small rounded bones  Enclosed in tendons and fascial tissue and assist muscle function  Patella 11

12. Bone Markings  Processes: any bony prominence or projection  Spine: any sharp, slender projection  Condyle: rounded prominence usually found at point of articulation  Trochanter: large projection, usually sticking out of end of bone  Crest: narrow ridge of bone  Neck: connects head to rest of bone 12

13. Bone Markings  Fossae: any depression or cavity on a bone  Suture: narrow junction between two bones  Foramen: opening through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass  Sinus: cavity within bone 13

14. Divisions of the Skeleton  Axial Skeleton  80 bones  Skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum  Appendicular Skeleton  126 bones  Arms, clavicle, scapula, legs, pelvic girdle 14

15. Axial Skeleton  Skull (28 bones) 15

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17. Axial Skeleton  Hyoid Bone  Has no articulations with other bones  Supports the tongue  Held by two styloid ligaments connecting to styloid process  Helps elevate larynx (voice box) during swallowing and speaking 17

18. Axial Skeleton  Vertebrae and intervertebral disks  Protect the spinal cord  Vertebrae provide support for the body while disks allow for flexibility  26 vertebral bones separated by intervertebral disks 18

19. Axial Skeleton 19

20. Axial Skeleton  Thorax (25 bones)  Sternum, costal cartilages, ribs  12 pairs of ribs  True Ribs: 1-7  False Ribs 8-10  Floating Ribs: 11-12 20

21. Appendicular Skeleton  Clavicle  AKA collar bone  Connects to the sternum and scapula 21

22. Appendicular Skeleton  Scapula  AKA shoulder blade  Connects the clavicle and humerus  Also believed to have a part in movement of the arm 22

23. Appendicular Skeleton  Bones of the arm 23

24. Hand 24

25. Pelvis 25

26. Leg 26

27. Foot 27