1. Structured Query Language (SQL)

2. Running Example
DEPARTMENT(DepartmentName, BudgetCode, OfficeNumber, Phone)
EMPLOYEE(EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Phone, )
PROJECT(ProjectID, ProjectName, Department, MaxHours, StartDate, EndDate)
ASSIGNMENT(ProjectID, EmployeeNumber, HoursWorked)
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3. Get your SQL Account Online
Go to
Click Databases at the top, then Microsoft SQL Database on the left
Click either the “create a SQL account” button or the “reset SQL password” button, depending on whether you already have an account or not, and follow the instructions there
You should receive an in your PSU mailbox which contains your username/password

4. Connect to your SQL Server
Log on an IST Windows machine
If not in the lab, use remote desktop
Run the SQL Server application
Start  Application Development and Management Microsoft SQL Server 2014 SQL Server 2014 Management Studio
Parameters
Server Type: Database Engine
Server Name: upsql
Authentication: SQL Server Authentication
Username and password have been sent to you via
Hit “Connect”
Navigate to your own database under the Databases folder (IMPORTANT!!!)
Your database name is your PSU ID
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5. Create Tables in SQL Server
Click “New Query” on the upper-left corner
Copy & Paste script in the next three slides
Click “Execute”
Your PSU ID
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6. CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT( DepartmentName Char(35) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
BudgetCode Char(30) NOT NULL,
OfficeNumber Char(15) NOT NULL,
Phone Char(12) NOT NULL );
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
EmployeeNumber Int NOT NULL IDENTITY (1, 1) PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName Char(25) NOT NULL,
LastName Char(25) NOT NULL,
Department Char(35) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'Human Resources',
Phone Char(12) NULL,
VarChar(100) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
CONSTRAINT EMP_DEPART_FK FOREIGN KEY(Department)
REFERENCES DEPARTMENT(DepartmentName)
ON UPDATE CASCADE );
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7. ProjectID Int NOT NULL IDENTITY (1000, 100) PRIMARY KEY,
CREATE TABLE PROJECT (
ProjectID Int NOT NULL IDENTITY (1000, 100) PRIMARY KEY,
ProjectName Char(50) NOT NULL,
Department Char(35) NOT NULL,
MaxHours Numeric(8,2) NOT NULL DEFAULT 100,
StartDate DateTime NULL,
EndDate DateTime NULL,
CONSTRAINT PROJ_DEPART_FK FOREIGN KEY(Department)
REFERENCES DEPARTMENT(DepartmentName)
ON UPDATE CASCADE );
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8. CREATE TABLE ASSIGNMENT ( ProjectID Int NOT NULL,
EmployeeNumber Int NOT NULL,
HoursWorked Numeric(6,2) NULL,
CONSTRAINT ASSIGNMENT_PK PRIMARY KEY (ProjectID, EmployeeNumber),
CONSTRAINT ASSIGN_PROJ_FK FOREIGN KEY (ProjectID)
REFERENCES PROJECT (ProjectID)
ON UPDATE NO ACTION
ON DELETE CASCADE,
CONSTRAINT ASSIGN_EMP_FK FOREIGN KEY (EmployeeNumber)
REFERENCES EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber)
ON DELETE NO ACTION );
A composite primary key
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9. Order to Create Tables ASSIGNMENT is dependent on PROJECT and EMPLOYEE
PROJECT is dependent on DEPARTMENT
EMPLOYEE is dependent on DEPARTMENT
So we need to create DEPARTMENT first; then EMPLOYEE and PROJECT;
Lastly, ASSIGNMENT
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10. Insert Data to Department Table
One to one mapping
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Administration', 'BC ', 'BLDG01-300', ' ');
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11. Insert Data to Department Table
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Legal', 'BC ', 'BLDG01-200', ' ');
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Accounting', 'BC ', 'BLDG01-100', ' ');
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Finance', 'BC ', 'BLDG01-140', ' ');
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Human Resources', 'BC ', 'BLDG01-180', ' ');
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Production', 'BC ', 'BLDG02-100', ' ');
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('Marketing', 'BC ', 'BLDG02-200', ' ');
INSERT INTO DEPARTMENT VALUES('InfoSystems', 'BC ', 'BLDG02-270', ' ');
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12. View the Result (Software)
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13. Insert Data to Employee Table
EmployeeNumber is a surrogate key, no need to insert EmployeeNumber
Department is a foreign key, so we need to make sure it does exist in the DEPARTMENT table
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(
'Mary', 'Jacobs', 'Administration', ' ',
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14. Insert Data to Employee Table
What if no phone number information for this employee?
(When we define EMPLOYEE table, we allow phone number to be NULL)
We need to specify the table and corresponding columns
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FirstName, LastName, Department, )
VALUES('James', 'Nestor', 'InfoSystems', OR
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE
VALUES('James', 'Nestor', 'InfoSystems', NULL,
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15. Insert Data to Employee Table
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(
'Rosalie', 'Jackson', 'Administration', ' ',
'Richard', 'Bandalone', 'Legal', ' ',
'Tom', 'Caruthers', 'Accounting', ' ',
'Heather', 'Jones', 'Accounting', ' ',
'Mary', 'Abernathy', 'Finance', ' ',
'George', 'Smith', 'Human Resources', ' ',
'Tom', 'Jackson', 'Production', ' ',
'George', 'Jones', 'Production', ' ',
'Ken', 'Numoto', 'Marketing', ' ',
'Rick', 'Brown', 'InfoSystems', ' ',
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16. In-Class Exercise: Insert Data to Project Table
Note: For INSERT statement, numbers such as Integer and Numeric values should not be enclosed in single quotes, but Char, VarChar, and DateTime values should.
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17. Edit Data (Software) See the effects of ON UPDATE CASCADE
Change “Human Resources” to “HR”
See the effects of ON UPDATE CASCADE
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18. Delete Data (Software)
Delete the “Finance” row
See the effects of ON DELETE NO ACTION
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19. Delete Table (Software)
Caution! All data in that table will be deleted!
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20. Drop Tables Wrong order!!! Employee is dependent on Department
Must delete Employee before deleting Department
Correct order!
The reverse order of the order we create these tables
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21. ALTER Statement We often need to change the design of databases.
Deleting old ones is not an option when databases have data already.
ALTER statement is what we need.

22. ADD New Attributes with ALTER
ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME
ADD ColumnName DataType;
Note: the keyword COLUMN is not used in this command
Example: Add a “CurrentTotalHours” attribute into PROJECT
ALTER TABLE PROJECT
ADD CurrentTotalHours Numeric(8, 2) NULL;

23. View the Result

24. Change Attributes with ALTER
ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME
ALTER COLUMN ColumnName DataType;
Example: Set all the values of CurrentTotalHours to 0 and make it NOT NULL
UPDATE PROJECT SET CurrentTotalHours = 0;
ALTER TABLE PROJECT
ALTER COLUMN CurrentTotalHours Numeric(8,2) NOT NULL;

25. Delete an Attribute with ALTER
ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME
DROP COLUMN ColumnName;
Example: Delete the CurrentTotalHours attribute in PROJECT
ALTER TABLE PROJECT
DROP COLUMN CurrentTotalHours;