1. Instructional Media and Materials
COURSE
DED 0122: CURRICULUM &TEACHING
COURSE INSTRUCTOR
SAID A.S.YUNUS
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2. Educational Resources
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3. Educational Resources
Kasambira (1993) define resources as places, organisations or people in a position to provide learning experiences for students
Davies (1975) point out terms used in discussing ‘resources’ as follows:
Resource (s): Any items, living or inanimate used during the learning process; any actions taken deliberately to change an existing school situation
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4. Educational Resources
In educational context we can define resource as something such as a book, film, or picture used by teachers or students to provide information.
According to John Vaizey (1968), any thing which is planned to contribute to the educational activity is a resource.
It includes teachers, equipments and materials, school environment, libraries, laboratories, and other things used to promote teaching and learning process.
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5. Educational Resources
Walton (1975) explained that resources largely include hardware and software materials which are used in teaching and learning process, which are previously known as ‘teaching aids’.
Therefore, resources in its more general sense appear to be generally inclusive of all materials by which educational message are carried out.
In other words resources could be used to propagate the curriculum content between teachers and learners.
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6. Hardware equipments: this group includes
Duplicating machines
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7. Photocopy machines
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8. Video camera
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9. Audio & video cassette
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10. Still cameras
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11. Digital cameras
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12. Computer and printers
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13. LCD &Overhead projector (OHP)
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14. Film & Slide projectors
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15. Radio& Audio cassette player
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16. CD player & DVD player
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17. Software materials This group includes:
Printed Media- books, newspaper, pamphlets, poster, charts, etc.
Visual media- illustrations, films, slides, filmstrips, video-tape/cassettes, C.D ROM, flash discs, DVD realia, Microsoft programmes.
Audio media- records, audiotapes/cassette, broadcasting programmes.
Multi media
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18. Conclusion
To conclude, we can say that resources are anything within our environment planned or prepared to facilitate teaching and learning process. These resources could be abacus, bottle tops, plants, laboratory apparatus, models, charts and the like.
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19. TEACHING & LEARNING RESOURCES
TYPES OF TEACHING & LEARNING RESOURCES
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20. ADDITIVE RESOURCES
These resources could be used by the teacher to extend the range of experiences.
They offer no participation or involvement by the learners, hence the learners became passive.
These type of resources are audio materials. E.g. tape recorders, audio CD-ROM and radio.
If they are not available the lesson could still continue.
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21. INTEGRATIVE RESOURCES
These integrative resources are very essential in teaching and learning process.
They can be associated with maximum teacher and pupil interaction.
Pupils learn by doing and become very active.
If they are not available in teaching and learning process become terribly effected.
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22. TYPES OF TEACHING & LEARNING MATERIALS
Teaching and learning resources could be classified according to their characteristics. Thus they follow under three major groups:
Aural – Aids (Audio aids)
Visual – Aids
Audio-Visual aids
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23. Aural-Aids (Audio Aids)
This group consists of those aids which can be heard. Learners use their hearing organs (ears) to listen to the sound those aids give. These aids could be:
Radio
Gramophone
Telephone
Tape/cassette
These teaching and learning materials are widely used in language laboratories.
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24. VISUAL - AIDS
These aids give out vision. Children or learners use their eyes to look at them in the process of learning. The teaching and learning in this group are:
Books
Pictures
Models
Real objects
Still pictures and silent films
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25. Audio-Visual Aids
This group is the combination of audio and vision or sound and sight.
These aids can be heard and seen. Students or learners see the pictures and hear the sound from the audio-visual materials.
These aids could be: TV
Video cinema
Field trips or practical demonstration
excursion
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26. The teacher make them ‘talk’.
Visual aids like charts, models, real objects could be made audio-visual materials when the teacher uses his/her voice in teaching.
The teacher make them ‘talk’.
The children therefore, could see the charts and hear the sound from their teacher in his/her demonstrations.
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27. Cont….
A slide or film strip could be synchronized by the sound from the tape/cassette record or CD.
Thus a slide as visual materials can be changed to audio visual materials by the sound from aural aid e.g. cassette or CD.
Therefore, aural aids and visual aids can be changed to audio-visual materials.
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28. Quiz
John Vaizey defines a resource as any thing which is planned to contribute to the educational activity. From this definition, explain briefly how the teacher can be a resource.
Suppose there is an idea of establishing resource centre in our teachers training college, you are given a chance to propose the resources that will be available in that centre. As a student teacher, what will be your proposal and why your proposal based on that choice?
Is it possible to have effective and efficient teaching and learning process without using resources? Why?
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29. Preparation of Teaching
&
Learning Materials
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30. Low Cost/ non Cost Materials
Teachers should not crack their heads in thinking of materials to use in making their teaching /learning aids.
In fact the environment which surrounds us is very rich in materials; it is almost polluted with bits and pieces of discarded materials.
These materials are of no cost or they cost very little to obtain them.
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31. Low Cost/ non Cost Materials
There are a lot of pieces of boards, strings, boxes of plastic materials, cardboards, tins, pieces of wire and the like.
This garbage could be found in the streets, school compound, dust bins, shopping centres and other places in the environment.
Teachers assisted by their pupils could collect and make different types of models, charts and other teaching/learning resources.
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32. Cont…
Sometimes with little expense teachers could fabricate useful teaching/learning materials that otherwise would cost a lot of money.
With little money and technology know how they could improvise a clock, a glob, charts, science models and other materials.
In model making the teacher can use either soaked paper (paper mache), wood or clay.
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33. Cont..
Pieces of paper collected in the school compound can be soaked in water to make paper mache.
Children assisted by parents/guardians can collect clay for model making.
It should be noted that in the fabrication process will require a little money to sustain the teaching/learning materials.
Thus the materials could be in good quality, and durable.
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34. Things to Consider in Improvising Teaching/Learning Materials
Before you prepare the teaching/learning materials, you need to identify and determine the teaching situation you have on the ground.
However, in improvising effective teaching/learning materials appropriate to the classroom teaching activities, require skills and competences.
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35. Cont.. The following aspects must be considered Level of the learners
Topic you want to teach
Kind of teaching/ learning aid you want to develop (e.g. model or chart)
Materials needed to improvise your aid
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36. The Roles of Teacher in the Process of Improvisation
It is important to know that, the process of improvising materials is not solely for teachers, students can be also involved effectively in the process such as collecting things from different sources, assigning tasks for them to produces learning materials etc.
Thus, in the process of improvising teaching/learning materials teachers may play different role.
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37. Cont… The following are the roles can be played by teacher Guide
Creator
Innovator
Initiator
Evaluator/assessor
Motivator
Facilitator
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38. Thank You !!!
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