1. No DBQ or Long Essay will focus exclusively on period 1
Review Session #1
Period
5 % of Exam
No DBQ or Long Essay will focus exclusively on period 1

2. Good to know: Look @ maps of different areas of North America:
Key Concept 1.1 “Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other.”
Good to know:
maps of different areas of North America:
How did natives adapt to their environment?
How did different natives interact with each other?

4. Maize (corn)
Specifically mentioned in curriculum framework (might see a direct question about it)
In general maize cultivation
Enlarged populations
Allowed for more permanent living
Natives developed villages around maize

5. The Great Plains/ Plains Area
Hunting and gathering
Lack of resources
Large flat land
Horses (introduced by Europeans)
Hunting becomes easier (bison)
Warfare becomes more destructive .
-Geography helped shape cultures among the diverse Native American peoples.
-horses help natives become more powerful

6. Southwest US
In the southwest of North America, tribes tended to settle in one place and practice agriculture (ex. Pueblo people)
Pueblos developed irrigation systems to support maize cultivation

7. Northeast Mix of hunting/gathering Many permanent housing structures
farmed the three sisters (maize, beans, and squash), hunted game, and fished in the many rivers, lakes, and the sea
Iroquois- (Present day NY and PA):
Burned forests to hunt and grow crops
Villages were built around maize (corn)
matriarchal society:
Power was based on female authority
Women were instrumental in councils and decision-making
Women would tend to crops and oversaw community affairs while men hunted
Maize is specifically mentioned in curriculum framework

8. Iroquois long house Serve as home for extended family or clan
All clans traced their heritage back through female ancestors (matriarchy)
Traditional Iroquois long houses

9. West Chinooks Most based on hunting, gathering, and foraging
Societies tended to be ruled by wealthy families
Chinooks
Advocated warrior traditions
Used advanced fighting techniques
Lived in longhouses which could house many families similar to Iroquois

10. Good to know: Positives and negatives from Columbian exchange
Key Concept 1.2 “European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic.”
Good to know:
Positives and negatives from Columbian exchange
Impact on New and Old Worlds

11. Reasons for exploration
Reasons for European exploration
3 G’s – God, Gold, & Glory
Spain- spread Christianity
Encomiendas- allowed the government to “commend”, or give, Indians and land to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them
It really was slavery.
France- profit – beaver fur in northern America
England- profit
Joint-stock companies- $ raised by selling shares to investors who became partners in the venture

12. Why Explore Now? ( s)
Technological/scientific innovations (caravel ship, better maps, astrolabe)
Intellectual curiosity and thirst for knowledge, stimulated by the Renaissance
Bigger populations, rebounding after the Black Plague in the Middle Ages
Increase in trade/desire for new trade routes/$$$
Increased nationalism (pride in country/ethnic group) as nation-states like Spain emerged
During the period of the early 1400s, there were substantial changes affecting European nations which fueled the push for exploration and colonization.
First, trade and the desire for trade routes occurred because many had read the works of Marco Polo. Many read the stories of Polo’s travels, and desired to expand trade into China. In addition, many veterans of the Crusades had sampled the fabrics and spices available in the Middle East and wanted them more readily available.
Second, the idea of nationalism in Europe increased the “exploration spirit”. Strong European rulers during this time increased tax revenue and competed with one another for political and military power. Most notable of these nations were Portugal, Spain, France, and Engliand.
Increased populations in western European nations decimated by the Black Plague stretched land availability and resources to the breaking point. Many people saw exploration and colonization as a way to get land and freedom.
Finally, the Renaissance brought all sorts of new inventions as well as a new-found level of curiosity to the nations of Western Europe. Gutenberg’s printing press made Marco Polo’s words more available. Inventions such as the astrolabe and increased map-making skills made exploration easier. New techniques in shipbuilding, such as the caravel, a type of vessel which could be sailed closer to the shoreline, made exploration easier.

13. The “Columbian Exchange”
Columbian Exchange refers to the interaction between the “Old World” (Europe) and “New World” (Americas).
Americas to Europe:
turkeys, pumpkins, corn, tomatoes, peanuts, tobacco, and other goods.
Europe to Americas:
livestock (including the first horses), grapes, sugar cane, honey bees, and citrus fruits.
Europeans also brought diseases including smallpox, malaria, and measles, which wiped out thousands of Native Americans. Within 50 years of Columbus’s landing, only one in 10 Native Americans still survived.

14. Columbian Exchange Europe Africa Natives
Increase European food consumption and population
Shift from Feudalism to capitalism
Africa
Increase slave trade
Natives
Increase in disease

15. Drawing from the Florentine Codex showing transmission of smallpox among Natives
Florentine Codex- manuscript documenting the Aztec people and contact with the Aztecs

16. Key Concept 1.3 “Contact among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews of each group.”
Good to know: How did Spaniards view/treat natives How did Natives resist European conquest How did Africans adapt to new contact
More focus on differing b/w Spanish, French, British and Dutch interactions in period 2

17. Spanish Contact
“Black Legend”- concept held that the conquerors merely tortured and killed the Indians, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left little but misery behind.
Somewhat true
They grafted their culture, laws, religion, and language into the native societies. This laid the foundation for the modern- day Spanish speaking nations.
The Spanish also incorporated indigenous culture with their own, rather than isolating and shunning the Indians as the English did
Intermarriage
Mestizo-SP and Native
Mulatto- Spanish and African

18. Spanish Contact Many Spaniards saw themselves as superior to Natives
Tried to impose their religion through missions
Caste system develop
Mestizo
Mulatto
Bartolome de las Casas
argued Natives as equals to SP
Helped end encomienda system
Juan de Sepulveda:
Advocated harsh treatment of Natives
Claimed slavery for Natives was justified under Christianity

19. Adaption/Resistance
Some Native resistance/ tried to preserve their autonomy
Juan de Onate- defeated revolts of Pueblos in New Mexico area
Africans
Maintained native religious elements while mixing them with Christianity
Maroon communities in Brazil and Caribbean- communities of runaway slaves