1. Adaptation

2. Adaptation is a special characteristic that allows an organism to survive in a particular environment. Adaptations may be: physical appearance (morphology) internal systems (physiology) something an organism does (behaviour)

3. Organisms that live in only one habitat or particular environment usually show many adaptations to that environment. e.g. Organisms that live in a variety of different habitats usually do not have as many adaptations. e.g.

4. How many different types of habitat can you think of? Make a list.

5. Marine Arctic Desert: hot & cold Woodland / forest River / lake Tropical rainforest Grasslands Rocky Bogs / marshes Urban (gardens / parks) / farmland

6. Marine Habitat Seas and oceans Salty water Warm and cold water

7. What are a shark’s general adaptations to life in an aquatic environment? A Shark’s General Adaptations streamlined shape to reduce friction when moving through water gills have a large surface area so that oxygen can be extracted from the surrounding water fins provide stability, power and control (morphology)

8. What are a shark’s specific adaptations to life as an aquatic predator? A Shark’s Specific Adaptations highly sensitive sense of smell that can detect drops of blood from miles away lots of very sharp teeth that are constantly replaced silver colouring underneath acts as camouflage specialised sense organs can detect the sound, movement and electrical fields of other organisms (physiology) (morphology)

9. Cold climates Temperatures: arctic winter can dip to -51 o C warmest month is between 10 o C and 0 o C Often permanent snow & ice

10. Animals in Cold Climates Arctic animals must keep themselves warm to survive. You lose body heat through your body surface, mainly your skin. Arctic animals have developed many adaptations to help them survive…

11. What do these animals have in common?

12. List as many adaptations to the cold climate as you can: Thick oily fur coats Layers of blubber under the skin May change colour in the summer Small ears Large furry feet Often longer snout Rounded body shape

13. Body Shape Have fat, round body shapes with short legs. Why is this important?

14. Surface Area to Volume Ratio Animals lose heat from the body surfaces that are in contact with the surrounding air/water. Reducing the contact surface reduces heat loss Increasing the surface increases heat loss

15. Surface Area to Volume Ratio Hidden surfaces are exposed Small SA: Vol Larger SA: Vol (cold climates) (hot climates)

16. Hot Desert Climates Temperatures: Can reach 45 – 50 o C during the day Can fall below 0 o C at night Less than 25cm rain a year

17. Animals in Dry Climates Animals in dry climates have to keep themselves cool to survive. They also have to cope with a lack of water. This means they are unable to lose heat through sweating – why?

18. What do these animals have in common?

19. List as many adaptations to the desert climate that you can: Large thin ears Little body fat Thin silky fur Long limbs to help spread the heat They often are only active at night More elongated body shape

20. Have more elongated body shapes and long legs

21. Which shows an animal from a hot climate and which from a cold climate? cold hot

22. Question: If a polar bear lived in a desert: What colour would the polar bear be so it was camouflage? Would it still have thick fir? What would it eat?

23. Compare these two animals… Desert Fox Arctic Fox Draw a table to compare their adaptations to their environments.

24. Plants in Cold Climates ‘land of the midnight sun’ Cold all year except for short period over the summer No trees temperature range = - 54 to 21° C Alaska, Siberia, Scandinavia http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/learningzone/clips/5506/

25. Plants are small - usually less than 12 inches tall to avoid wind Plants are dark - helps them absorb solar heat. Small waxy leaves / needles Some plants are covered with hair Some plants grow in clumps for protection Some plants have dish-like flowers that follow the sun

26. Saxifrage Arctic Willow Bearberry Arctic flower

27. Trees many trees are evergreen many trees have needle-like leaves to lose less water waxy coating on needles needles are dark in colour trees have branches that droop downward

29. Plants in Dry Climates Adaptations: Can you think of any? Make a list.

30. Some plants store water in their stems or leaves = succulents Some plants have no leaves Long root systems spread out wide or go deep into the ground to absorb water

31. Spines to protect from being eaten Plants slower growing so require less energy Flowers that open at night lure pollinators who tend to be active during the night Hair help shade the plant, reducing water loss

32. Question: Scientists investigated two types of violet plants. One was found more frequently in shade, the shade violet. The other was found more frequently in sunny places, the sun violet. A B a) Which violet is which? Give a reason for your choice. [4] A = _____________________________________________________________________________ B = _____________________________________________________________________________

33. The number of violets in an area of woodland were counted before and after a large number of trees were removed. The results are shown below. i) State how light conditions would have changed when the trees were removed.[1] ___________________________________________________________________________________ (ii) Which of the plants survived better before the trees were removed? [1] ___________________________________________________________________________________ (iii) What happened to the number of these plants after the trees were removed? [1] ___________________________________________________________________________________ Violet typeBefore trees removed 2 years after trees removed 5 years after trees removed Shade 1905030 Sun20 60120

34. (c)(i) From the table, make a bar chart to show the information for sun violets.[4] (ii) How would you expect the number of sun violets to change in future if more trees were removed? [1] __________________________________________________________________________________ Total: 12 marks