1. Sustainable Cities: Policy Intervention at the “Right” Level Arnulf Grubler Vienna Energy Forum (VEF) June 19, 2015

2. Policies at the “Right” Level: Key Messages 2 opposing hierarchies: -- level of impact -- policy leverage Optimal entry point at the meso level: -- efficiency -- urban form Larger impact from policy integration But requires new: -- analytics (inventories & models) -- institutional coordination (across sectors & jurisdictions)

3. Hierarchy in Urban Energy/GHG Drivers and Policy Leverages (GEA, 2012) 1.Spatial division of labor (trade, industry structure, bunkers) 2.Income (consumption) 3.Efficiency of energy end-use (buildings, processes, vehicles, appliances) 4.Urban form (density↔public transport↔car ownership↔functional mix) 5.Energy systems integration (co-generation, heat-cascading) 6.Urban renewables Decreasing order of importance Increasing level of urban policy leverage

4. Direct and Embodied Urban Energy Use in Asian Cities: Lack of standardized accounting beyond direct flows and territorial accounts

5. Optimal Entry Point: Meso level 1.Spatial division of labor (trade, industry structure, bunkers) 2.Income (consumption) 3.Efficiency of energy end-use (buildings, processes, vehicles, appliances) 4.Urban form (density↔public transport↔car ownership↔functional mix) 5.Energy systems integration (co-generation, heat-cascading) 6.Urban renewables Decreasing order of importance Increasing level of urban policy leverage

6. SynCity Model Simulations of Urban Policy Leverages 6

7. Institutional Integration Functional: water-, energy, transport-”sheds” Spatial: -- territorial (city+hinterland) -- supply chains (global, “fair trade”, C-footprint) Regulatory/Business Models: -- joint infrastructures & supply bundling basic + high value added services, e.g. pipes (DH, H 2 O) AND cables (IT)

8. Q/Comments to: gruebler@iiasa.ac.at Thank You!