2. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation FIFTH EDITION by Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois

3. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2 Chemistry: An Introduction Chapter 1

4. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 Why is Chemistry Important? In Our Daily Lives –New Materials –New Pharmaceuticals –New Energy Sources –Food Supplies –Can you think of others?

5. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 Chemistry deals with the natural world.

6. Fireworks are a beautiful illustration of chemistry in action. Source: PhotoDisc/Getty Images

7. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 Why is Chemistry Important? In Your Education –Help you learn to Gather and Organize Information Qualitative and Quantitative –Help you learn to find Patterns in Information –Help you learn to Analyze Complex Systems –Help you develop skills to Predict Future Events based on Patterns of Behavior –Help you develop Problem-Solving Skills

8. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7 Bart Eklund checking air quality at a hazardous waste site.

9. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 What is Chemistry? The science that deals with the materials (matter) of the universe and the changes these materials (matter) undergo Called by some “The Central Science” –Understanding most other fields of science requires an understanding of Chemistry

10. A chemist in the laboratory.

11. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10 Positive or Negative Connotation? Organic produce Ozone Water Nuclear power Landfill Petroleum Lead Plastic Waste Resource Insecticide Cleaning Chemical

12. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 Necessary Science Skills Mathematical Skills Observational skills/process skills Memorization Logic skills I have skills…

13. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 Foaming Eggs Objective: To witness chemistry in action Practice skills of observation Materials: (per group) 1 egg 400 ml beaker tablespoon of citric acid tablespoon of sodium bicarbonate water stirring rod Procedure: 1. Crack open the egg. Separate the white from the yolk by pouring the yolk back and forth between the half shells over the beaker. Let the egg white drop into the beaker. 2. Observer the yolk and describe it in qualitative terms. Record yourobservations. Discard the yolk. 3. Add a teaspoon of citric acid (record qualitative observations of thecitric acid) and a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate (again, record observations) to the egg white in the beaker. 4. Add 4 ml of water to the beaker 5. Stir the mixture well and record your observations. Conclusion questions: 1. Suppose your teacher told you that what you had observed was a “chemical reaction”. Based on what you saw, how would you define the term chemical reaction?

14. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13 Lab Notebooks and Lab Reports One of the objectives of this course is to give you experience in conducting scientific experiments and recording your observations in a lab notebook. Copies of your lab notebook pages will be collected as part of your lab reports. You should become familiar with the material in this handout before you start your first experiment. The following outline should prove helpful in writing your lab notebook - close adherence to this format will ensure uniform grading by the instructor. Each lab report will consist of: (1) a Pre-Lab Report, including blank data tables (2) In-lab report including observations and data and (3) Conclusion, including calculations, results, and answers to lab questions (as assigned) I. Pre-Lab Report The first part of each lab report is called a "Pre-Lab Report". This report is to be completed in your lab notebook. This MUST be completed before you begin the lab. The instructor will inspect your pre-lab prior to lab. The Pre-Lab Report must contain each of the following: Title of the Experiment. This can be found at the beginning of each experiment. Introduction/Purpose. A one-or-two sentence statement of the objective(s), goal(s) or purpose(s) of the experiment, followed by a general discussion of important background information. Reaction Equations. Include balanced equations for all reactions that occur in the experiment Materials. List of all the materials needed to complete investigation Pre-Lab Questions. Complete any Pre-Lab Questions that are included in the experiment. Procedure Outline. This procedure needs to be a numbered, step-by step procedure. There should be enough detail in the procedure so that you can work directly from your lab notebook while using your lab manual only as a reference. Data Table/s You should look at your procedure and determine what kind of data table you should construct. Any special safety and/or waste disposal informa tion should also be noted in this section.

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21. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 20 Ruth Benerito, the inventor of easy- care cotton.

22. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 21 The Scientific Method A process of investigation that involves making observations, using logic, possibly forming laws and theories, and testing theories by experimentation

23. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22 The Scientific Method Make Observations –Qualitative  Descriptions –Quantitative  Measurements –Gather other information from varied sources Formulate Hypotheses –Possible solution to problem or answer to question –Must be “testable” with experiment Perform Experiments –Must be designed to test hypothesis

24. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 23 The Scientific Method Gather Data –May be quantitative or qualitative Make Conclusion –Accept or reject hypothesis

25. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 24 Regular vs. Diet Coke

26. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 25 Forming a hypothesis On a piece of paper…. Write 2 hypotheses about why some brands of unopened soda pop containers float while others sink. Write a paragraph justifying your hypotheses

27. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26 The Scientific Method Repeat the process until we get a well-tested explanation Theory  An explanation of an observed phenomena based upon repeated experimentation May need to be modified or discarded as new information (observations) becomes known

28. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 27 The Scientific Method While Experimenting we may Observe the Same Behavior all the time, and therefore be able to Predict this Behavior will Always Occur in the Future Law  a generally observed behavior –Without explanation as to why the behavior occurs!

29. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 28 The Difference Between a Theory and a Law Laws predict what will happen Theories explain why something happens –Which will also allow you to predict what will happen!

30. Figure 1.1: The various parts of the scientific method.

31. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 30 The Best Approach to Learning Chemistry Learn the Vocabulary of Chemistry –Definitions of Terms –How Common Vocabulary is Applied to Chemistry Memorize Important Information –Names, Formulas and Charges of Polyatomic Ions –Solubility Rules Learn and Practice Processes –Systematic Names and Formulas –Dimensional Analysis Do the Questions and Exercises at the End of the Chapter to Test your Understanding and help you See the Patterns

32. The launch of the space shuttle gives clear indications that chemical reactions are occurring.

33. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 32 Students pondering the structure of a molecule.

34. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 33 Italian pottery

35. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 34 Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach Define the Problem Gather Information  Facts  Observations Propose Solutions Organize Information and look for Patterns Hypotheses

36. Copyright©2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 35 Evaluate your Proposed Solutions Test your Patterns by using them to Predict What Will Happen Experiments Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach