2. Process & Cycles P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi Mathematical Models for Happening …

3. Thermodynamic Process The path of succession of states through which the system passes is called the process. Quasi-equilibrium process is a collection of changes, in which the deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium is infinitesimal. All the states the system passes through during a quasi-equilibrium process may be considered as equilibrium states.

4. Development of Low Emission Diesel Engine

5. Description of Happening in an Engine Cylinder

6. Selection of Instrument for Exact Capture of A Happening to A System The characteristic equation of n th order Pressure Gauge:

7. Laplace Transformations for Instruments

8. Diagnosis of The Happening for Better Emissions

9. Process Executed by A Control Volume

10. Change of State in A Control Volume

11. Thermodynamic Process During a quasi-equilibrium or quasi-static process, the system remains practically in equilibrium at all times. Quasi-equilibrium work-producing devices deliver the maximum work. Theoretical description of processes is possible by keeping any one thermodynamic property may be held constant. Process Property isobaric pressure isothermal temperature isochoric volume Adiabatic No Heat Transfer

12. Representation of Thermodynamic Processes

13. Thermodynamic Cycle A process (series of connected processes) with identical end states. When a system in a given initial state goes through a number of different changes of state or processes and finally returns to its initial state, the system has undergone a cycle. At the conclusion of a cycle, all the properties have the same value they had at the beginning. Cyclic Working of Left Ventrical

14. Energy Cycles in Nature The sun is the source of all that happens on our earth. Every form of energy, except for atomic energy, can be traced back to the sun. The earth is at the best possible distance from the sun for the sun's heat to provide many systems on earth. These systems are atmosphere, hydrosphere, Biosphere etc. Energy from sunlight is used by these systems to created many natural cycles. This energy is continuously converted/transferred during these cycles.

15. Various Cycles of Nature Water Cycle Wind Cycle Life Cycles of Animals Life Cycles of Plants Seasonal Cycles Planetary Cycles Rock Cycles Geo-Physical Cycles Chemical Cycles Disease Cycles

16. Water Cycle All of the water that is on the earth has always been here. Earth never gets water added to it--nor does water disappear from the earth. Water is constantly recycled in a process known as the hydrologic or water cycle. Why? Only 3% is fresh water. About 1/2 of 1% of the water on earth is groundwater. Only about 1/100 of 1% of the water on earth is in the rivers and lakes. Water is essential to life on earth, so it is important to have continuous occurrence of water cycle

17. Hydrological Cycle

18. Seasonal Variation of Kinetic Energy of Wind

19. Rock Cycle

20. Energy Interaction in Rock Cycle

21. Rock Cycles Rocks are continually circulating in the mantle just below the crust of the earth. They are sometimes thrust up into the crust due to convection currents. Rocks can also reach the surface when they are spit out by volcanoes. Once on the surface of the earth, rocks cool down. Over time, they are broken up or worn down by weather, and the fragments are carried back to the ocean by way of wind, rain, and the flow of rivers and streams. All of these small pieces of rock collect as sediment at the bottom of seas and oceans. The sediment solidifies into rock and is drawn back down in to the mantle at subduction zones or reaches the surface again as sea levels change or plates collide

22. The Carbon Cycle

23. CO 2 Cycle

24. Life Cycle an Ozone

26. New Ozone Cycle

28. Plastics that never exhaust the resources of the earth

29. Energy sources such as the fossil fuels of coal, petroleum, and natural gas are really just ancient stockpiles of the sun's energy stored in plants and the animals that ate those plants that are thousands or millions of years old.

30. Engineering Cycles Carnot Cycle Lenoir Cycle Otto Cycle Sterling Cycle Atkinson Cycle Diesel Cycle Brayton cycle Rankine Cycle Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

31. The substance contained by the system undergoes a thermodynamic process/cycle The potential of A Process/Cycle Depends on the substance used by (present in ) the system. How to begin the description of A Substance? Development of Equation of state… Is it possible to develop a single EOS model for any substance?