1. Chapter 32 Discussion and Notes

2. Colonialism in Africa 1900-1945 Who benefited economically and socially? Who benefited economically and socially? Europeans invested heavily in colonial railroads, harbors, and mines, which enormously increased the output and value of agricultural and mining commodities. Europeans invested heavily in colonial railroads, harbors, and mines, which enormously increased the output and value of agricultural and mining commodities. Economic development primarily benefited Europeans and often had a negative effect on African people. Economic development primarily benefited Europeans and often had a negative effect on African people.

3. What was life like for African under colonial rule? Worked in harsh conditions for little or no pay Worked in harsh conditions for little or no pay Racial segregation in housing, health care, and public accommodations became more pronounced. Racial segregation in housing, health care, and public accommodations became more pronounced.

4. Rise of Liberal ideas and nationalism Labor demands and the widening disparity between the wealthy and the poor embittered many Africans, causing a growth in nationalist movements. Labor demands and the widening disparity between the wealthy and the poor embittered many Africans, causing a growth in nationalist movements. World War II demands for labor and food exports, together with Allied ideals of liberation and freedom, convinced many Africans of the need for radical change. World War II demands for labor and food exports, together with Allied ideals of liberation and freedom, convinced many Africans of the need for radical change.

5. Indian Nationalism Independence movement in India Independence movement in India By the late 1800s, western- educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement. By the late 1800s, western- educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement. In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress.

6. What was the goal? eventual self-rule, but supported western-style modernization. eventual self-rule, but supported western-style modernization. Hindu or Muslim movement? Hindu or Muslim movement? seen as primarily for the Hindu of the noble and middle classes. seen as primarily for the Hindu of the noble and middle classes. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals, including a separate Muslim state. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals, including a separate Muslim state. By 1912 the Muslims were calling for their own country! By 1912 the Muslims were calling for their own country!

7. Mohandas Gandhi: Father of Resistance to British Rule Mahatma Gandhi (Mahatma “great soul”) becomes the leader in 1921. Mahatma Gandhi (Mahatma “great soul”) becomes the leader in 1921. Why is he so important? Why is he so important? Transformed the cause of the Indian independence from an elite movement to mass movement that appealed to majority of the Indian population Transformed the cause of the Indian independence from an elite movement to mass movement that appealed to majority of the Indian population United Hindu population for Indian independence United Hindu population for Indian independence

8. Civil Disobedience Inspired the Civil Rights Movement in the United states Inspired the Civil Rights Movement in the United states What was his plan? force change and an end to British imperialism through a strict policy of non-violence, or passive resistance.

9. Why did he fast? represented both his ideology and his manipulation of public relations and political tactics. represented both his ideology and his manipulation of public relations and political tactics. How did he feel about the Hindu caste system? The rigid caste system separated religious and political classes from lower classes of laborers and outcasts with no hope at social mobility.

10. Gandhi Leads The Way Examples of his civil disobedience included boycotts such as the Salt March (1930) and hunger strikes. Why? What happened? His famous “Walk to the Sea” to protest British salt monopoly His famous “Walk to the Sea” to protest British salt monopoly

11. Why Was India Partitioned? Britain was weakened after World War II. Britain was weakened after World War II. It will finally agree to Indian demand for independence. It will finally agree to Indian demand for independence. Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan. Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan. Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to partition, or divide, the subcontinent. Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to partition, or divide, the subcontinent. In August 1947, British officials created Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. In August 1947, British officials created Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence erupted in Northern India. As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence erupted in Northern India. Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million people were killed before independence was achieved. Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million people were killed before independence was achieved. Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim tensions persisted, as it does today! Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim tensions persisted, as it does today!

12. Partition of India, 1947

13. On Jan. 13, 1948, at the age of 78, Gandhi began his last fast. His purpose was to end the bloodshed among Hindu, Muslim, and other groups. On January 18, their leaders pledged to stop fighting and Gandhi broke his fast. Twelve days later, in New Delhi, while on his way to a prayer meeting, Gandhi was assassinated. Nathuram Godse, a Hindu fanatic who opposed Gandhi's program of tolerance for all creeds and religions, shot him three times. A shocked India and a saddened world mourned Gandhi's death. The great scientist Albert Einstein said of Gandhi: "Generations to come will scarcely believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood." Mahatma Gandhi

14. Gandhi Assassinated!!! Therefore, the strength and will of the common people both achieved Indian independence and tore India apart. Therefore, the strength and will of the common people both achieved Indian independence and tore India apart. Gandhi Assassinated Gandhi Assassinated In 1948

15. Cause of the Mexican Revolution of 1910?

16. The Mexican Revolution of 1910 How unique was it? How unique was it? Why do revolutions take place? Why do revolutions take place? What were the causes of the revolution? What were the causes of the revolution? What impact did the Mexican revolution have on other countries? What impact did the Mexican revolution have on other countries? When did the Mexican Revolution end? When did the Mexican Revolution end?

17. Porfirio Diaz 1876-1911 Economic modernization: foreign investment and Liberal laissez-faire Economic modernization: foreign investment and Liberal laissez-faire Land privatization: community landholding from 25% to 2% of nation’s land. Land privatization: community landholding from 25% to 2% of nation’s land. Americans held 70% of the value of Mexican industry and 27% of the land Americans held 70% of the value of Mexican industry and 27% of the land Direct causes of the Revolution  Political authoritarianism  Unequal benefits of modernization: marginalization of poorest Mexicans

19. Stages of the Revolution Francisco Madero 1911-1913 Rebellion of Zapatistas Counterrevolutionary uprising Victoriano Huerta 1913-1914 Social Reformers + Constitutionalists uprising

20. Social reformers ►Emiliano Zapata “Tierra y libertad” land and freedom “Tierra y libertad” land and freedom Zapatistas gave the Revolution its social credibility Zapatistas gave the Revolution its social credibility Assassinated 1919 Assassinated 1919

21. Social reformers ►Francisco “Pancho” Villa Northern populist, often depicted in pop culture as a modern day Robin Hood Northern populist, often depicted in pop culture as a modern day Robin Hood Revolutionary masculinity Revolutionary masculinity Assassinated 1923 Assassinated 1923

22. Constitutionalists ►Venustiano Carranza Constitution of 1917 Constitution of 1917 President 1917-1920 President 1917-1920 Mexican nationalism Mexican nationalism His troops assassinated Zapata His troops assassinated Zapata Assassinated 1920 Assassinated 1920

23. Constitutionalists ►Alvaro Obregon President 1920-1924 President 1920-1924 Pacification of the country Pacification of the country Assassinated 1928 during the Cristero War Assassinated 1928 during the Cristero War

24. Stages of the Revolution Alliance against Huerta Disintegrates after Victory in 1914 Constitution of 1917 Venustiano Carranza 1917-1920 Assasination of Zapata 1919 Alvaro Obregon 1920-1924 Social reformers Zapata + Villa Constitutionalists Carraza + Obregon

25. Constitution of 1917 Communal landholding rights Communal landholding rights Regulation of working conditions, and right to form unions and to strike Regulation of working conditions, and right to form unions and to strike Separation of Church and State, limitation of Church influence over civil society Separation of Church and State, limitation of Church influence over civil society Right to universal, secular education Right to universal, secular education Democratic elections, no re-election of president Democratic elections, no re-election of president Ownership of nation’s shorelines, frontiers, and subsoil resources Ownership of nation’s shorelines, frontiers, and subsoil resources

26. U.S.A.’s involvement in the conflict February 1913: embassy pact and coup against Madero February 1913: embassy pact and coup against Madero April 1914: attack on Veracruz April 1914: attack on Veracruz Active support of Carranza and Obregon Active support of Carranza and Obregon 1916: Pershing expedition against Villa after attack on Columbus, NM 1916: Pershing expedition against Villa after attack on Columbus, NM 1917: Zimmerman telegram 1917: Zimmerman telegram

27. Rebuilding the Nation 1920-1940 ►The difficulty of rebuilding Mexico Implementing the constitution difficult Implementing the constitution difficult Political and financial instability Political and financial instability The National Revolutionary Party (PRN) in 1928 The National Revolutionary Party (PRN) in 1928 Created a forum for labor, peasants, and business Created a forum for labor, peasants, and business

28. Nation-building projects Socialist education Socialist education Renewed nationalism Renewed nationalism Celebration of racial equality Celebration of racial equality

29. Lazaro Cardenas 1934-1940 ►Implementation of Constitution Cut his salary in half Cut his salary in half Ended capital punishment Ended capital punishment Land redistribution Land redistribution Nationalization of oil industry (1938) Nationalization of oil industry (1938) Corporatism and policies favourable to the working-class Corporatism and policies favourable to the working-class Peace with the Catholic Church and the middle class Peace with the Catholic Church and the middle class

31. Pancho Villa and His Supporters

32. Emiliano Zapata and the Revolution in Morelos

33. Madero and the Revolutionary Leadership, 1911

34. Villa’s Troops Enter Chihuahua, 1914

35. Mexican Revolutionaries Emiliano Zapata Porfirio Diaz Pancho Villa

36. Mexican Revolution and Civil War 1911-1920 Led by a series of ambitious but limited men, each representing a different segment of Mexican society Led by a series of ambitious but limited men, each representing a different segment of Mexican society Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) led a peasant revolt South of Mexico city while Francisco (Pancho) Villa organized an army in Northern Mexico. Were they successful? Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) led a peasant revolt South of Mexico city while Francisco (Pancho) Villa organized an army in Northern Mexico. Were they successful? Neither man was able to lead a national revolution. Zapata was defeated and killed by Constitutionalists in 1919, Villa assassinated in 1923. Both are honored and praised in Mexico today. Neither man was able to lead a national revolution. Zapata was defeated and killed by Constitutionalists in 1919, Villa assassinated in 1923. Both are honored and praised in Mexico today. Constitutionalists took over Mexico after years of fighting Constitutionalists took over Mexico after years of fighting By 1934 under President Lazaro Cardenas the Mexican Revolutionary Party removed generals from government, redistributed land, replaced church run schools with government schools, and expropriated the foreign-owned oil companies that had dominated Mexico’s petroleum industry. By 1934 under President Lazaro Cardenas the Mexican Revolutionary Party removed generals from government, redistributed land, replaced church run schools with government schools, and expropriated the foreign-owned oil companies that had dominated Mexico’s petroleum industry. It laid the foundations for the later industrialization of Mexico It laid the foundations for the later industrialization of Mexico

37. Describe and discuss the world economy (and the World Wars) as it affected the internal political situation in Brazil and Argentina. Before the First World War Before the First World War Brazil produced most of the world’s coffee, cacao, and rubber Brazil produced most of the world’s coffee, cacao, and rubber Likewise, Argentina had wealth in the hands of large landowning farmers who raised cattle, sheep, and wheat. Likewise, Argentina had wealth in the hands of large landowning farmers who raised cattle, sheep, and wheat. Both of these country’s elites had little interest in industrialization and allowed outside interests (Great Britain, for example) to build and control infrastructure. Both of these country’s elites had little interest in industrialization and allowed outside interests (Great Britain, for example) to build and control infrastructure. The power elites were content to export agriculture and import manufactured goods. The power elites were content to export agriculture and import manufactured goods. Effects of WWI Effects of WWI However, competition from Asia crashed the rubber export business in 1912 and World War I stopped the flow of imports and lessened the flow of exports. However, competition from Asia crashed the rubber export business in 1912 and World War I stopped the flow of imports and lessened the flow of exports. The Depression and the rise of military dictators The Depression and the rise of military dictators Agricultural exports fell by two thirds and authoritarian governments took power at this time. Agricultural exports fell by two thirds and authoritarian governments took power at this time. Argentina had a coup in 1930 by the military. In 1943, another military coup was staged by Juan Perón 1946. Argentina had a coup in 1930 by the military. In 1943, another military coup was staged by Juan Perón 1946. Perón became a champion of the downtrodden urban workers and his wife, Eva (Evita) Perón, became the champion of women, children, and the poor. Evita, until her death in 1952, was among the most powerful women in the world Perón became a champion of the downtrodden urban workers and his wife, Eva (Evita) Perón, became the champion of women, children, and the poor. Evita, until her death in 1952, was among the most powerful women in the world