1. The Geography of Canada
Unit 1 Chapter 1

2. What is Geography?
Explores how people interact with the world around them
Involved climate, geology, economics, biology, history, sociology, anthropology
How humans interacts with each other and how they affect and are affected by the land

3. The 5 Themes of Geography
Chapter 1 (Geography)Lesson 01

4. Goal
To identify and understand the 5 themes of geography and how they help us study the geography of Canada

6. 5 Themes Location Place : Physical & Cultural Landscapes Regions
Movement of People, Ideas & Objects
Human/Environmental Interaction
The 5 themes will help you develop a way of looking at and understanding the world (geographic perspective)

7. Location Where are people and places located?
Absolute location  latitude and longitude
Ex: Abbotsford :
Relative location described by time, direction or distance form one to another
Ex: Abbotsford is about 1 hour from Vancouver
What is the significance of the location?
Ex: Vancouver is the cultural central of BC. Serves as a transportation, business hub, cultural hub.

8. Place: Physical & Cultural Landscapes
How do physical characteristics of a place affect how we live?
Cultural landscape
Visible results of human activity
How do we affect the landscape? (Positively/Negatively)

9. Regions Areas that have common characteristics Formal Regions
Government, land forms, climate
“The coast”, “The interior”, “Middle East”
Formal Regions
Functional Regions
Perceptual Regions

11. Movement of People, Ideas & Objects
How do we interact today?
Globalization
Everything today spreads quickly
Information, products, people

12. Human/Environmental Interaction
What brings change in the natural landscape?
We depend on the environment. We adapt to it. We alter it.
How do our actions change the natural environment?
Dams?
Roads?
Industry?
Housing development?

13. The Physical Regions of Canada
Chapter 1(Geography) Lesson 02

15. Goal
To identify the 7 physical regions of Canada and to understand the characteristics of each.

16. Canada It is the second largest land mass of any country
We have a variety of landscapes
Divided into 6 main physical regions
Each region has different geological features, landforms, climate and vegetation.
Formed by different geological processes

17. 6 Physical Regions Arctic Region Cordillera Region
Interior Plains Region
Canadian Shield Region
St.Lawrence Region
Appalachian Region

18. Canadian Shield
Large masses of rock, known as shields, are the oldest parts of the Earth.
Hard , rigid blocks around which the younger areas of the continents have formed
Volcanic mountains ranges
Originally was made up of igneous rock
Now metamorphic rock
Storehouse of : minerals such as copper, gold, lead and nickel
Unsuitable for agriculture and large-scale settlement

19. Appalachian Region Rolling hills and river valleys
Mineral resources : coal, petroleum, natural gas, zinc and iron

20. Arctic Region Largest part of Canada Endless permafrost and tundra
Agriculture virtually impossible

21. St.Lawrence Lowlands Rich sedimentary plains
Consisted of mixed forests, before urbanization
Mostly flat with a couple of mountain ranges
Has precious minerals

22. The Interior Plains From the Canadian shield to the Rocky Mountains
Covers almost all of Alberta
Were formed as eroded material from the Canadian shield was deposited in layers at its edges
Horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks (made up of sediment laid down in layers)
Deposits of plants and animals
Fossil fuels- old and natural gas
Evaporites- potash

23. The Cordillera Most of BC Large range of mountains
Mountains, plateaus, valleys , basins and trenches
Formed through plate tectonics
Erosions from rivers and glaciers sculpted the rugged landscape
Sediments carried off by rivers formed fertile river valleys- Fraser River Valley
Rich in minerals- copper, gold, coal

24. Natural Regions of Canada
Lesson 03

26. Natural Regions are defined as the condition under which plants and animals live in relation to each other and with the non living parts of the environment.
Natural environment of Canada is made up of a number of large ecosystems, or biomes. Each has its own characteristic type of vegetation and animal species.
Biome = contain a number of smaller ecosystems

27. Subarctic Scattered coniferous trees Tundra vegetation
Arctic wildlife caribou, lemmings, snowy owl

28. Tundra Permafrost Low shrubs Mosses Lichens
Polar bears, seals, walruses, muskox, Arctic foxes

29. Open Woodland Scattered evergreen trees Shrubs Grass
Caribou, martens, bears, geese, beavers, lynx

30. Coniferous Forest Spruce, fir, pine, aspen
Deer, moose, black bears, hawks, eagles, wild ducks
Soil is not fertile

31. Coast and Interior Forest
Coniferous forest
Wet and mild climate
Mountains  above tree line tundra & arctic
Short grass and plants
Cougars, mountains, sheep, bears, moose

32. Mixed Forest
Softwood trees – hemlock and cedar, maple, birch, oak and ash
Deer, moose, black bears, hawks, eagles
Soil is fertile

33. Parkland
Transitions between the dry southern prairies and coniferous forest
Long grasses and clumps of aspen and cottonwood trees
Deer, moose, black bears, antelope, gophers, wild fowl

34. Grasslands Short grasses Antelope, gophers, wild fowl
Bison(over hunted)
Soils are fertile

35. The Climates of Canada
Lesson 04

37. Climates of Canada West Coast Marine Northern Alpine Southern Alpine
Northern Interior
Prairie
Great Lakes
Laurentian
Boreal
Tundra West
Tundra East
East Coast

38. The Climates
(1)Continental Climate – temperature extremes and low precipitation (the interior)
(2)Maritime Climates – mild temperatures and high precipitation. A coastal climate

40. Factors Affecting Temperature
Latitude
Altitude
Distance from the Sea
Wind Direction
Ocean Currents
Precipitation

41. Factors Affecting Temperature
1)Latitude
The distance of any point north or south of the equator
Distance of an area from the equator determines the amount and intensity of sunlight it receives
Angle of the sun in the sky determines how intense the sun will heat the land
2)Altitude
The higher the altitude, the colder the temperature

42. Factors Affecting Temperature
(3)Distance from the Sea
Land heats and cools more quickly
Surface of water takes much longer, water is always moving
West Coast of Canada, moderated by water- the summer and winter temperature
(4)Wind Direction
Winds blowing from the Ocean increase the moderating effect of wind
Winds blowing off land are much harsher

43. Factors Affecting Temperature
(5)Ocean Currents
Currents are either warm or cold
Warm or heat the wind blowing over them
(6)Precipitation
Distance from the sea
Wind
(1)Orographic
(2)Convectional
(3)Frontal

44. The Cultural Landscape
Lesson 05

45. What is ‘cultural landscape’
It is a part of the geographical study
It is landscape that has been changed by human societies

46. How have people shaped the land?
The way one thinks about land
Impacts of land
Uses of land

48. Settlement & Population
20th century, we saw settlers coming to eastern Canada
With the development of the railway, settlement began in the west
Due to the Laurier era, large scale settlement began in Canada and this would change the physical and cultural landscape of Canada
Newcomers settled in those areas the felt most comfortable
Each brought their own cultural background into Canada, trying to recreate it in their new home land

50. Why people settle where they do
Physical environment
Climate
Economic opportunities
Leads to:
Urbanization- process of becoming an area with a large, concentrated population
Boom or bust – resource is developed and then depleted.

51. Boundaries Physical, Natural, Economic, Political Aboriginal Peoples
Did not have a say in the boundaries
First Nations land titled began being recognized in BC after the Constitution Act of 1982