1. The Land Changes Hands Chapter Six

2. Minnesota 150 years fur traders and European travelers had come and gone from Minnesota They were not interested in changing the ways of the Indians Not interested in owning land Some wrote reports and drew maps Minnesota began to appear on charts of the world

3. Minnesota In Europe, different countries wanted to claim Minnesota It was once part of New France 1645

4. Minnesota Later it was divided between England and Spain Then among England, Spain, and a new country called the United States Finally, the United States claimed all of it 1795

5. Westward Expansion Early 1800s, thousands of settlers are moving west Pressure the government to make land available U.S. Government supported this westward expansion Acquired land from native people who lived on it The government made written agreements, or treaties, with the Indian’s to buy the land for cash and goods.

6. Treaties We still make treaties with other countries (sovereign nations: a nation with the power to control its own affairs) The treaty process between the Indian’s and U.S. government was a different process http://youtu.be/fb24eNe-q6I

7. Treaties The United States saw Indian groups as sovereign nations and as groups who needed the governments protection In Minnesota, the land the government wanted belonged to the Dakota and Ojibwe

8. The First Land Deal Read The First Land Deal page 76-77 1805 Zebulon Pike Treaty with the Sioux (Dakota) Ceded most of Minneapolis and St. Paul The land Fort Snelling and the airport are located on Treaty describes the purpose of a land cession as for a military fort http://youtu.be/GB4chnGmA0w Zebulon Pike

9. Fort Snelling

10. A Place to Gather The Dakota liked to gather at Mendota, “where rivers meet,” just below the fort Sometimes the Ojibwe would come down and old conflicts would flare up Lawrence Taliaferro was an Indian agent He oversaw relations with the Indians and tried to resolve disputes

11. Indian agencies were created to help control trade Taliaferro welcomed the Indians to the agency day and night A trading post was nearby with a guest house for travelers Historic Mendota

12. Indians Minnesota was home Belonged to the people who lived there and the people belonged to the land Graves of their ancestors Sacred traditions No one owned the land so no one could sell it

13. Minnesota Settlers Land of riches Property to be bought and sold and fenced Dark, rich, soil made for good farming Forests were rich in timber Rivers for transportation and power

14. Making Treaties 1837: First major treaty – Covered a large part of western Wisconsin and large part of eastern Minnesota Lumbermen came cut down trees Settlements of Stillwater, Marine on the St. Croix, and Taylors Falls grew up http://youtu.be/PabZTQyxe- M http://youtu.be/PabZTQyxe- M Wisconsin portion Minnesota portion

15. Fountain Cave

16. Pig’s Eye 1838, Pig’s Eye Landing One eyed man opened a tavern along the Mississippi Fur trapper As the fur trade slowed, he began to make spirits which he would sell to the Indians and soldiers

17. Saint Paul Missionary, Father Lucien Galtier renamed the town Saint Paul Founded Saint Peter’s church Oldest Catholic Church in Minnesota Galtier Plaza in downtown Saint Paul is named after him

18. Chapel of Saint Paul Galtier founded the Chapel of Saint Paul on the bluff over looking the Mississippi River It late became the Cathedral of Saint Paul http://youtu.be/PQZcYPvvBqo

19. Interpreters George Bonga Son of an African American fur trader and Ojibwe woman Language barriers posed serious problems when making treaties Spoke three languages – English, Ojibwe, and French

20. Many Motives 1849 Minnesota became a territory Already there were more than 5,000 settlers in Minnesota

21. In Favor of Treaties Indians felt pressured to sell their land – they felt that whites would take over their land no matter what Dakota believed that through treaties they – could at least keep some of their land – Have some control over their future – They could trade for food and money Read quote by Dakota elder Running Walker, page 79

22. Against Treaties Dakota believed that no one owned the land Land could not be sold They worried that the U.S. would not keep the promises it made in the treaties

23. Government Officials America needed to expand if it was going to be great Open the land to white settlers Minnesota still belonged to the Indians even though it was a U.S. territory Alexander Ramsey was appointed as Minnesota territories first governor http://youtu.be/4nixl1NCaLs

24. Fur Traders By 1849, the fur trade was dying out People turned to new businesses such as lumbering and selling land Many traders extended credit to Indians – They would pay them back after the treaty was signed Henry Sibley was Minnesota’s most powerful fur trader

25. Henry Sibley Served as Minnesota’s territorial representative in Washington Played a major role in the treaty making process “The Indians are prepared to make a treaty when we tell them to do so”

26. Missionaries Main goal: to persuade Indians to become Christians Thought treaties would help them with this goal Wanted Indians to give up their traditional ways – Go to schools – Learn to farm Reverend Stephen Riggs

27. Traverse des Sioux This painting of the 1851 treaty signing at Traverse de Sioux by Francis Millet hangs in the Governor's Reception Room in Minnesota's state capitol. Read about the treaty, page 81 - 82

28. Treaty of Traverse des Sioux Treaty of Traverse des Sioux land cession area shown in green across northern Iowa, southern Minnesota and eastern South Dakota.

29. The Aftermath Dakota gave up 35 million acres Government promised them $3 million and a permanent reservation along the Minnesota River

30. The Aftermath Dakota feared they would be cheated The terms of the treaty were changed – Reservations were temporary – Some of the cash went to fur traders – Some went to missionaries: claimed Indians had damaged their property http://youtu.be/oK2fNJwTFG0

31. Whites began streaming into Minnesota In the coming years the Dakota and Ojibwe would sign more treaties Indians were seen an “obstacles” that were keeping Minnesota from becoming great