1. Searching for Tranquility Amidst Troubled Waters Presentation Prepared for the FMRS 2015 John E. Charalambakis

2. Near Term Troubles Ramifications of a Greek default or Grexit are not “contained” Exposure has merely shifted from private to public sectors EFSF, ELA, and TARGET 2 Other peripheral nations will be tested by the market Recapitalizing all EU central banks

3. Near Term Troubles Limits of what monetary policy can accomplish QE may boost assets and depreciate Euro but will not provide economic adjustments on the ground Capital Markets are shallow compared to US Logistical limitations ECB could be forced to buy non-sovereign debt

4. Near Term Troubles ECBs efforts are and will continue to distort markets German yield curve negative 7 years out Dividends paying more than bonds

5. Structural Dysfunction Europe as a whole has not seen deleveraging that U.S. has Poor growth a partial explanation Debt overhang will limit growth prospects going forward Not Secular Stagnation

6. Structural Dysfunction Poor status of European banks will be a future shoe to drop Texas Ratio of EU banks shows huge problems

7. Structural Dysfunction Problem is different from country to country Public debt in Greece versus Private Debt in Spain Requires significant out-of –the-box reforms No evidence Europe’s leaders can craft this

8. Structural Dysfunction Institutional makeup of Eurozone, as currently constructed, is schizophrenic Public Policy, Economic Policy, stuck between identity of Eurozone versus Nation-State Monetary Union without Fiscal Union Leads to asymmetries in markets, regulations, and politics; contributed to crisis Markets treated all debt as equal up to crisis despite fundamentals

9. Structural Dysfunction Current Account Imbalances up to crisis distorted asset and credit markets Still not resolved. Requires adjustment from creditor nations too Reemphasizes problem of national policies vs Eurozone policies

10. Structural Dysfunction Absence of true a Banking Union as well as of a Fiscal Union weakens the Euro as a currency and potential for growth Weakens market signals, capital allocation and investment prospects

11. Structural Dysfunction Productivity Growth is nowhere close to levels of 10 years ago Substantial Deterioration past three years Areas of Improvement: Greece and U.K., which is not a member of Eurozone

12. Structural Dysfunction Regulatory costs are a major burden to European Union members Recent battles with companies like Uber, Facebook, and Google give impression of hostility

13. Structural Dysfunction Environment in EU is not conducive to businesses Lack of uniform business climate Spain, Germany rank poorly on starting a business relative to European average per World Bank

14. Structural Dysfunction Major European economies score poorly on Investor Protection Germany, Greece, France Spain trail Italy, U.K. Regional Average

15. Structural Dysfunction Small businesses, which account for majority of employment in E.U., far behind 2008 levels

16. Structural Dysfunction Small businesses employment slower to recover to pre-Crisis levels than the U.S. Stifles innovation and productivity New markets not discovered. Lack of competition

17. Structural Dysfunction Father Time is undefeated Ageing of Europe poses significant challenges to productivity, growth, ability to service liabilities, and public finances

18. Structural Dysfunction Problem will only become more pronounced going forward Requires reforms in labor market, public liabilities and immigration

19. Structural Dysfunction Political situation is untenable and perpetuates divisions at the Eurozone and national level Gives rise and credence to nationalist parties who promote populist positions Reforms become much more difficult. Endangers long-term growth prospects EU may need to return to the basic elements of free trade, free movement of capital, and free enterprise liberated from gov’t regulations

20. What Can Be Done? Eurozone cannot stay in middle ground between a collection of independent states and one supranational body Must choose one or the other. Integrate or Devolve Mutualize debts, fiscal policies, etc. or revert to system of national economies with open trade and capital flows where immigration flows are encouaged Requires visionary leadership Thus, not likely anytime soon Entrepreneurs