2. Lecture 14, conclusion October 23, 2014 Persistent Poverty & Risding Inequality

3. SOCIAL STRUCTURAL EXPLANATIONS OF INEQUALITY AND POVERTY 1.Marginalization: Exclusion from labor markets 2.Inequality processes within labor markets 3.Processes which generate inequality in wealth

4. Social Structural causes of inequality and poverty: #1 Marginalization Definition: the process of being excluded from stable participation in the labor force. Three issues: a)Simple observation: lack of adequate employment for people with low skills or with outmoded skills. b)This is NOT just a problem of inadequate skill formation. It is equally a problem of inadequate job creation. c)The consequences of marginalization are intensified because of lack of real safety-net.

5. Pre-transfer poverty rate Post-transfer poverty rate Poverty Rates before & after income transfers

6. Social Structural causes of inequality: #2. Inequalities within labor markets a) Two possible ways of organizing the process of connecting wages to jobs: 1. Individualized competition 2. Labor market governed by rules which dampen competition b) Why does intensification of competitiveness (deregulation) lead to increasing inequality? c) Explanation for intensification of competition in the U.S.A.: Decline of unions Decline of government regulation Increased global competition d) Technological change

7. Social Structural causes of inequality: #3 Wealth inequality 1.Difficult for average person to accumulate much wealth through savings. 2.Stagnation of household income since the early 1970s means that discretionary income for most people has not grown much. 3.Fantastic rise in employment earnings at high end of market has allowed professionals and managers to turn surplus earnings into capitalist wealth (stocks, bonds, etc.)

8. Lecture 15 October 23, 2014 Solutions to Poverty & Excessive Inequality

9. What is Government “Welfare”? Government Welfare is any government subsidy to a particular group of people which provides them with an economic benefit that they would not have had if things were just left to the market.

10. What is Government “Welfare”? Government Welfare is any government subsidy to a particular group of people which provides them with an economic benefit that they would not have had if things were just left to the market.

11. Two main forms of welfare spending 1. Direct government spending: food stamps, public housing, cash transfers 2. Tax Subsidies: mortgage deductions, earned income tax credit for working poor, tax deductions for business expenses

12. Examples of welfare for already privileged social groups

13. Students: tuition subsidies

14. Examples of welfare for already privileged social groups Students: tuition subsidies Homeowners: mortgage deduction – 48% of mortgage subsidies go to top 20% of income distribution. Mortgage subsidy is more than 4 times the spending on public housing for the poor.

15. Examples of welfare for already privileged social groups Students: tuition subsidies Homeowners: mortgage deduction – 48% of mortgage subsidies go to top 20% of income distribution. Mortgage subsidy is more than 4 times the spending on public housing for the poor. Farm subsidies: Around $30 billion a year: 80% goes to corporate agriculture, NOT family farmers. Corporations: “Corporate welfare” = $75 Billion/year

16. Examples of “Corporate Welfare” (from the conservative Cato Institute’s “Handbook for Congress”) The Energy Department's Energy Supply Research and Development Program ($2.7 billion a year) aims to develop new energy technologies and improve on existing technologies. Commerce Department's Advanced Technology Program ($200 million a year) gives research grants to consortiums of some of the nation's largest high-tech companies. The Export-Import Bank ($700 million a year) provides subsidized financing to foreign purchasers of U.S. goods. Overseas Private Investment Corporation ($70 million a year) provides direct loans, guaranteed loans, and political risk insurance to U.S. firms that invest in developing countries.

17. Solutions to Poverty: 3 kinds of structural proposals 1.Partially decouple standards of living from market earnings by increasing the social wage: Universal health care, good public day care, public libraries and swimming pools, free universities, etc. 2. Partially decouple paid employment from capitalist market: public sector jobs. 3.Partially decouple income from earnings: Asset development accounts Basic Income Grants

18. BASIC INCOME GRANTS (BIG) Central principles: 1. Basic income: provides for a decent, no frills standard of living above the poverty line 2. Universal: given to all citizens 3. Unconditional: no restrictions, no work requirements

19. Means-tested vs Universal Programs Means-tested = a person only gets a benefit if they fall below some level of income. Example: food stamps. Universal programs = everyone gets the benefit regardless of income. Examples: public education, Medicare.

20. Problems with means-tested programs 1.Stigma: recipients are labeled negatively 2.Weak basis of public support: universal programs build bridges across groups; means-tested programs create cleavages between groups 3.Universal programs become rights; means-tested programs viewed as charity 4.Result: universal programs usually do more to help the poor than means tested programs.

21. Potential Consequences of BIG 1.Eliminates extreme poverty without stigma 2.Facilitates nonmarket activity: in the arts, caregiving, community activism 3.Gives everyone a measure of “real freedom” (positive freedom) 4.Unpleasant work becomes more costly 5.Puts pressure on employers to innovate to eliminate unpleasant, boring work because it is costly

22. Will it Work? Two pragmatic arguments against BIG: 1. Too many people will stop working for pay and thus not enough income will be generated to sustain the system. 2. Taxes to pay for BIG will be so high that there will be huge disincentives to invest and to work.