1.  Cornell Notes

2. Houston forms a Government President : Vice President & Secretary of State Capital City President: Sam Houston Vice President: Mirabeau B. Lamar -They wanted to join the U.S. right away. Secretary of State: Stephen F. Austin- but he only served a few weeks, he died of pneumonia. President Houston declared “The Father of Texas is no more. The first pioneer of the wilderness has departed.” John K. Allen and his brother Augustus founded Houston on the Buffalo Bayou. Dec. 1836 congress designated Houston as the capital for three years. Early visitors commented on the muddy streets, crudely built houses and swarms of mosquitoes.

3. Houston Faces Trouble with the Army: The United States Delays Annexation: Many latecomers wanted to invade Mexico, President Houston wanted no part of that. -war would be costly -quick end to the new republic President Houston sent all but 600 soldiers home on leave and never recalled them to duty. Texans Want to be apart of US: 1. Most had emigrated from the U.S. 2. Wanted U.S. Protection 3. Strong Cultural ties Annexation: to incorporate a country or territory into another county or territory. U.S. Delays because: 1. Mexico refused to recognize Texas’ independence- the U.S. didn’t want to annex Texas if it meant damaging relations with Mexico 2. Texas would be entering as a slave state and would tip the balance of power in the U.S. Senate

4. Recognition as a Nation: U.S.A. European Countries European & U.S. wanted … What did the following countries believe about Texas at first and what did they end up doing? Didn’t officially recognize Texas for several months. President Jackson sent Henry Morfit to Texas on a fact finding Mission Morfit reported: Texas could not keep its independence if Mexico invaded Wharton and Hunt were sent to Washington D.C. to convince Congress- March 1837 – President Jackson granted official recognition of Texas. Houston sent J. Pinckney Henderson to obtain recognition and negotiate commercial tries with France and Great Britain. -Hesitated because they did not want to offend Mexico - Believed that Texas would quickly be annexed by the U.S. Recognition France: September 25, 1839 Great Britain: 1840 Netherlands: 1840 Looking for ways to limit the U.S. expansion. U.S. did not want European countries to have a foothold on the continent.

5. Native Americans and Texan Conflicts: President Houston took the following actions: Which tribes were a problem & what did they do: Wichitas, Comanches, Kiowas and other Native Americans resented newcomers. They began a series of raids in 1836 that lasted for several years. *Cynthia Ann Parker 1. Called on the Texas Rangers to patrol central Texas. 2. February 1836 Treaty - Houston tried to reach an agreement with the Cherokees during the Texas Revolution- Cherokees promised to remain peaceful during the Texas fight for independence, in return for titles to their land. Later Texas refused to accept this treaty and the Cherokees did not receive titles to their land.

6. Texas Debt Soars The Release of Santa Anna When he returned to Mexico Expenditures: money paid out Revenue: money received Debt: supplies and equipment of the revolution. It was $1.25 million when Houston became president Solution: 1. Placed tariffs, or taxes on various goods imported into Texas 2. Imposed property taxes 3. Business Taxes 4. Land title fees By the time Houston left office, Texas debt climbed to $2 million Texans hoped that the release of Santa Anna would improve relations with Mexico. Renounced all promised he had made to Texas and declared that he had left politics forever. Within a few years, he was back in power Mexico still refused to recognize the independence of Texas.

7. Mirabeau Lamar Becomes President: Lamar and Education The Capital is moved to Austin Constitution of 1836 sated that the president could not serve consecutive terms: so Texans voted Mirabeau B. Lamar Lamar opposed annexation and believed that one day Texas would be a power independence nation that would extend all the way to the Pacific Ocean -Lamar believed that citizens of a republic must be educated so they could make intelligent decisions. -Congress set aside nearly 18,000 acres of land in each Texas county for the support of public schools. -Endowment fund multiplied when oil was discovered on these lands in the 1900s Lamar is known as: “Father of Education in Texas” It was agreed that Houston was only to be the site for 3 years. In 1839 a commission and congress approved a site on the Colorado River called Waterloo Edwin Waller lay out streets and construct a capitol on the site. In October 1839, President Lamar and his cabinet moved into the new capital and renamed it Austin after Stephen F. Austin.

8. Lamar’s Policy Toward Native Americans Raid Lead to Council House Fight Lamar reversed Sam Houston’s policy toward Native Americans. Cherokee Story: Lamar believed the Cherokee had no rights to the land in North Texas and ordered their removable. July 16 th, the Texas Army attacked the Cherokee near the Neches River- Several Texans and nearly 100 Cherokee were killed. The Army burned the Cherokee Villages and farms and the Cherokee were forced across the Red River. Comanche Story: 1838- 1839 there were several raids on outlying settlements by the Comanche, the Texans wanted to meet with the Comanche to talk peace. The Comanche were going to bring their Anglo captives, but they only brought one, who had been abused. --- The settlers were upset and wanted to hold the Comanche negotiators hostage but a fight broke out. 7 Texans and 35 Comanche were killed -- the Comanche killed the other hostages and never talked peace with Texans or Americans again. After the Texans continued to fight the Comanche until they all moved across the Red River.

9. Texas Rebuilds Its Navy The Santa Fe Expedition Financial Difficulties Lamar thought having a strong Military would force Mexico to Recognize the Republic of Texas -the Navy aided rebels who were fighting for independence from Mexico in the province of Yucatan (when Sam Houston regained Presidency, he recalled the Navy) Texans wanted to control Santa Fe because it was a trading center on the upper Rio Grande. Texans set out, but because they ran into Native Americans, combined with heat, lack of water and food- the mission was a fail. Then they encountered a Mexican army detachment, were taken prisoner and marched all the way back to Mexico City- some died on the way, and others died in prison. British and American diplomats had to worked for their release Lamar was a costly President- the military, Native American campaigns, expeditions and failure to borrow money from other countries put Texas $7 Million dollars in debt.

10. A Policy of Economy A Temporary Peace Invasion Triggers the Archives War tried Houston eliminated dozens of government positions, reduced the salaries of government officials, cut the size of the army and tried to sell the navy. Houston tried to make peace with the Native Americans, peace lasted for several years Remember that Santa Fe Expedition? Mexico does. March 1842, General Rafael Vasquez with 500 soldiers invaded Texas and occupied San Antonio, Goliad and Refugio- he withdrew after a few days. Texans were panicked! archives - Sam Houston declared a public emergency and tried to save the government archives by moving them from Austin to Houston- people in Austin thought the President was just trying to move the capital back to Houston and some settlers fired at them!! = Archives War.

11. Woll Invades Texas The Mier Expedition The Drawing of the Black Beans September 1842, Mexicans invade AGAIN. General Woll and 1,400 soldiers occupied San Antonio. Texas Rangers and Texas Militia drive the Mexicans out. November 1842 - President Houston ordered General Alexander Somervell and a militia of 750 to patrol the area from San Antonio to Laredo. They saw no sign of the Mexican army in Laredo, Somervell ordered the men back to Gonzales. About 300 of the men, led by Colonel Fisher attacked the Mexican town of Mier- Texans won– but then 900 Mexican soldiers came and Texans surrendered after two days. The Mexicans marched their prisoners back to Mexico City, but the Texas overpowered them and escaped. But they lost their way in the mountains, and some died of starvation. Mexicans recaptured the survivors about a week later. Santa Anna ordered every tenth Texans be executed. To decide who would die, the men drew beans.- white meant you live, black means you die. The ones who lived were released two years later.

12. Feuds Lead to Unrest in East Texas Two groups; the Regulators and the Moderators. Both had made a police forces since they were so few officials. They both wanted to keep their self-given power and fought over who would stay in control. People died, homes were buried so Sam Houston went with 600 soldiers to the area to bring some peace. He persuaded both sides to end the Regulator – Moderator War.

13. The Texas Question Polk wins Election Texans still wanted to be apart of the U.S. and thousands more Americans had immigrated to Texas, strengthening its ties to the U.S. April 1844- representatives from the U.S. and Texas signed a Treat. 1. Make Texas a territory 2. Texas would give its public land to the U.S. 3. U.S would pay all the debts of the Republic of Texas U.S rejected Treaty ( 35 to 16) Because 1. Texas would enter as a slave state (give the advantage to the South) 2. Didn’t want to anger Mexico 3. 1844 was an election year and the senators wanted to avoid controversy Election of 1844 James K. Polk- Tennessee, Democratic, Wanted Texas to be apart of the U.S. Henry Clay- Kentucky, Whig Party, against immediate annexation Victory of Polk shows that most U.S. citizens want Texas! Manifest Destiny Most Americans believe in Manifest Destiny – the belief that the US should expand from coast to coast

14. Congress and Texas Approve Annexation Mexico Offers Recognition joint resolution Congressional Leaders who wanted annexation proposed that Texas be annexed by a joint resolution (a statement passed by both houses of legislature that has the force of law) February 28, 1845- Congress passed a joint resolution for annexation. 1. Texas could join the US as a state after they adopt a state constitution 2. Texas could keep its public lands 3. Texas could sell the land to pay off its debt 4. Texas could be divided into 5 states Anson Jones called a special session of congress to approve the Joint Resolution -It passes!! President Polk signed the resolution that made Texas a state. Mexico agreed to acknowledge Texas Independence IF Texas rejects annexation from U.S. Texas wasn’t interested.

15. “The Republic of Texas is No More” - Anson Jones February 19, 1846, Anson Jones (the last president) turned over the government to J. Pinckney Henderson, the first governor of the state. Texas jointed the U.S. as the 28 th state.