1. The process of labelling
Stop and search
The process of labelling
Stereotypical criminal/deviant
Sensitisation
Selective policing – Lambert/ Sutherland/Becker/ Cicourel/ Kalven and Zaesel

2. The process of labelling

3. Edwin M Lemert: Edwin Lemert argues there are two types of deviance: primary and secondary.
Primary deviance
Secondary deviance
sensitisation
Societal reaction
amplification

4. Primary and secondary deviance
Primary deviance refers to deviant acts that haven’t been publically labelled as deviant. These have little effect on a person’s status or identity and as a result primary deviants do not see themselves as deviant
Secondary deviance is the result of society labelling an action. Being caught and publically labelled as a criminal can result in them being stigmatized in normal society. This can lead to discrimination and prejudice.

5. A label is attached by police and courts.
Meet the burglars
Labelling process
A label is attached by police and courts.
2. Label becomes a master status –overrides other status as sibling, friend etc.
4. Self-fulfilling prophecy – whether the label was true or not we act in accordance with it. This confirms peoples beliefs about the label being true.
3. The labelled person accepts the label – because how we see ourselves relies on how others see us.

6. Symbolic Interactionism – so much to answer for…
example of Mead
Create your own example to illustrate Mead and Blumer’s ideas!
George Herbert Mead

7. Erving Goffman http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M279taSj8cI
According to Erving Goffman; Humans are ACTIVE and KNOWLEDGABLE they devise their own CONDUCT • GUIDE and CONTROL how others see them • Are different in social settings than alone • Are social CON ARTISTS
Dramaturgy: • The THEATHRICAL REPRESENTATION of life consists of the FRONT stage and BACK stage • Uses IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT as a tool
‘ASYLUMS’
‘STIGMA’

8. Cooley: ‘Looking-glass self’

9. The effects of labelling
Influences the self-concept
‘looking glass self’ (Charles Cooley)
Self fulfilling prophecy
The master status and SFP
Primary/secondary deviance

10. The self concept transforms
We absorb the label once labelled
The deviance is amplified
Notting Hill Hippies
Jock Young

11. TASK: Hungry Caterpillar
Place all the key terms from last lesson to form a caterpillar. Then write a paragraph underneath explaining how they link together.

12. Deviance Amplification
How deviance is increased (amplified) through societal reaction
Main focus is on role of the MASS MEDIA
Can refer to general idea of interaction and increased deviance

13. The implications of the deviance amplification idea
Society creates greater levels of deviance
The mass media are a problem
The mass media are not neutral and they sensationalise
The mass media influences public opinion, the role of police, courts and politicians
The mass media affects an individual’s self concept
The individual deviant is not to blame – there are no single causes like poverty, socialisation etc

14. Folk Devils & Moral Panics
Media and youth subcultures
The media is a vehicle for re-establishing social order
The media exaggerates a social problem (moral panic)
It identifies a source of the problem (folk devil)
It tries to help eliminate the problem
Stan Cohen

15. Deviance amplification cycle
Social problem
Deviant act
Group identified as cause
Proof
Media exaggerates
(Folk devil)
Find more cases
(moral panic)
Police/courts (sensitised)
Societal reaction

16. Stan Cohen Mods and rockers 1964 Newspaper report fights
Selective policing
More arrests/harsher punishments
More young people attracted to it

17. Other moral panics Black muggings Single parent families
Asylum seekers
Joy riding
ACID and ‘rave culture’
HIV and AIDS
Travellers/Gypsies
Jews in Nazi Germany

18. Consolidation
Using material from the previous ppt slides show your understanding of the deviance amplification process.
Focus on:
Societal reaction/sensitisation
Stereotyping/expectations
Effects on self-concept of young people
How the media ‘amplified’ deviance
The effect of the media on the public, police, politicians and courts
The way that ‘subcultures’ are created and reinforced
Use examples from the modern day as well as the Mods and Rockers

19. Further studies Armstrong and Fishman – Glasgow election
Fishman – New York Muggings
Stuart Hall – Policing the Crisis

20. How positivist/structural and interpretivist/action ideas differ
Positivist approach
Man is shaped by social forces
Reality is external and objective
We can measure the causes of crime
A minority are driven to deviance
Interpretivistic approach
Man is shaped by ideas and meanings
Reality is internal and subjective
We cannot measure the causes of crime
Most people engage in deviance

21. THINK! How do social action theories differ to structural theories?

22. Stuart Hall – Policing the Crisis
Neo Marxist CCCS
Crisis in hegemony
Targeted black youth – mugging moral panic
Sensitisation – selective policing – Suss laws

23. Advantages of Labelling Theory
It does not treat official statistics as fact
It rejects the idea that deviants are different to ‘normal’ people
It questions the effectiveness of policing, the courts and punishment
It raises the issue of power
It considers the impact of the mass media
It highlights the bias in law enforcement
It considers societal reaction and the effects on individuals

24. Disadvantages of Labelling Theory
Its over-romantic
Too much focus on exotic deviance
Ignores the origins of deviant acts
There is absolute deviance
It uses labelling in a deterministic way
More attention needed on the behaviour that produced the label
Deviants can adopt identity without being labelled
Not explore fully capitalism and economic power

25. What other theories say…
Functionalism etc
Challenge the idea
Absolute deviance – set normal standards
Media must dramatise and make public deviance to reinforce common values
Police and courts are neutral
Law making is neutral – reflects shared values
There are causes of deviance that can be measured

26. Marxism Share idea of biased laws and selective policing
Much overlap in Neo-marxism (New Criminology/CCCS)
Traditional Marxism is though more structural and deterministic
More attention on the economy (capitalism) needed

27. Synoptic – education Labelling in the classroom – SFP
Stereotypes in resources – affects on self concept
Whose curriculum? Who shapes it?

28. Synoptic links - family
Gender socialisation
Politics of the family (Laing and mental health)
Single parent families
Gay households
Social construction of
childhood and old age

29. Deviancy amplification spiral
Interactionism
Doesn’t focus on the structures of society but how people and society interact and how this affects criminal behaviour.
Howard Becker
Focuses on the process of a person and act getting labelled as deviant. He argues that no act is intrinsically deviant but relies on its context to determine its acceptability. Examples: nudity, injecting oneself even murder.
Labelling process
A label is attached by police and courts.
Label becomes a master status –overrides other status as sibling, friend etc.
The labelled person accepts the label – because how we see ourselves relies on how others see us.
Self-fulfilling prophecy – whether the label was true or not we act in accordance with it. This confirms peoples beliefs about the label being true.
Deviancy amplification spiral
This idea says that sensationalist reporting by the newspapers distorts the act of crime or deviance and increases public awareness. Public pressure is put on the police and courts to act. This creates a moral panic where certain acts or groups are seen as a threat to social order.
Interactionism – Labelling theory
Stanley Cohen
Cohen studied how the media has often demonised youth culture. This happened to mods and Rockers in 1964 who were seen as modern day folk devils who threatened social order. His research found that actual acts of deviance were minimal.

30. Question….
“ Evaluate the claim that both the nature and extent of deviance is socially constructed”