1. Building Healthy Relationships and Understanding Sexuality
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2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
Identify the characteristics of successful relationships, including how to maintain them and overcome common barriers.
Discuss ways to improve communication skills and interpersonal interactions.
Compare and contrast the different types of committed relationships.
Describe the demographic trends related to remaining single.
Examine factors that affect the decision of when or whether to have children.
Discuss issues that influence the success of an intimate relationship, reasons why relationships end, and how to cope when they do.
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3. LEARNING OUTCOMES (cont.)
Define sexual identity, and discuss its major components, including biology, gender identity, gender roles, and sexual orientation.
Identify major features and functions of sexual anatomy and physiology and explain the nature of the human sexual response.
Describe the varieties of sexual expression.
Classify sexual dysfunctions, and describe major disorders.
Discuss the impact of drugs on sexual behavior.
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4. Intimate Relationships
Intimate relationships are those with family members, close friends, and romantic partners, characterized by
Behavioral interdependence
Need fulfillment
Emotional attachment
Emotional availability
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5. Intimate Relationships (cont.)
Through relationships, we fulfill our needs for
Intimacy
Social integration
Nurturance
Assistance
Affirmation
People with positive, fulfilling relationships are 50 percent more likely to survive over time than are people in poor relationships.
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6. How Intimate Is a Relationship?
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7. Relating to Yourself
Two concepts are important to any good relationship.
Accountability: both partners are responsible for their own decisions, choices, and actions.
Self-nurturance: The development of individual potential through a balanced and realistic appreciation of self-worth and ability
Self-esteem and self-acceptance are important factors that affect your ability to nurture yourself and to maintain healthy relationships with others, and include the way you define yourself (self-concept).
Your perception and acceptance of yourself influences your relationship choices.
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8. Family Relationships
Family is a group of people with roles, tasks, boundaries, and personalities, whose central focus is to protect, care for, love, and socialize with one another.
Family of Origin
The people present in our household our first years of life—usually parents and siblings
From these people we initially learn about feelings, problem solving, love, intimacy, and gender roles.
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9. Friendships People in healthy friendships should do the following:
Understand the roles and boundaries within the friendship.
Communicate their understandings, needs, expectations, limitations, and affections.
Have a sense of equity in which they share confidences and contribute fairly and equally to maintaining the friendship.
Consistently try to give as much as they get back from interactions.
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10. Romantic Relationships
Romantic relationships typically include all the characteristics of a friendship, as well as
Fascination
Exclusiveness
Sexual desire
Giving the utmost
Being the champion or advocate
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11. Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
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12. Theories of Love
Anthropologist H. Fisher and others theorize love and attraction are based on brain circuitry and chemistry.
Imprinting
Attraction
Attachment
Production of a "cuddle chemical" called oxytocin
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13. Choosing a Romantic Partner
Proximity—being in the same place at the same time
Similarities—"opposites attract" usually isn't true
Reciprocity—react with mutual regard
Physical attraction
Men tend to be attracted primarily to youth and beauty.
Women tend to be attracted to older mates who are financially stable.
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14. Communicating: A Key to Good Relationships
Learning Appropriate Self-Disclosure
Get to know yourself.
Become more accepting of yourself.
Be willing to discuss your sexual history.
Choose a safe context for self disclosure.
Be thoughtful about self-disclosure via social media.
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15. Communicating: A Key to Good Relationships (cont.)
Becoming a Better Listener
We listen best when
We believe that the message is somehow important and relevant to us.
The speaker holds our attention through humor, dramatic effect, use of media, or other techniques.
We are in the mood to listen (free of distractions and worries).
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16. He Says/She Says
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17. Communicating: A Key to Good Relationships (cont.)
Using Nonverbal Communication
Touch
Gestures
Interpersonal space
Facial expression
Body language
Tone of voice
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18. Managing Conflict through Communication
Identify the problem or issues.
Generate several possible solutions.
Evaluate the alternative solutions.
Decide on the best solution.
Implement the solution.
Follow up.
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19. Committed Relationships
Marriage
Monogamy—exclusive sexual involvement with one partner
Serial monogamy—a monogamous sexual relationship with one partner before moving on to the next monogamous relationship
Open relationships—partners agree that there may be sexual involvement for each person outside of the marriage
Cohabitation
A relationship in which two unmarried people live with an intimate connection together in the same household
Common-law marriage
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20. Marital Status of the U.S. Population by Sex
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21. Types of Committed Relationships (cont.)
Gay and Lesbian Partnerships
The American Community Survey identified 646,000 same-sex couples.
Twenty percent of these couples are married.
Staying Single
Of women aged 20 to 34, 54 percent have never been married according to data from the most recent census.
Of men aged 20 to 34, 64 percent remain unmarried.
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22. Choosing Whether to Have Children
Relationships change when a couple decides to have children.
Resources and attention are split.
Existing stressors in a relationship are further accentuated when parenting is added to existing responsibilities.
Having a child is not a cure for a bad relationship.
Blended families are the most common family unit.
Over 28 percent of children were living in families headed by a man or woman alone in 2012.
Those other than heterosexual couples are now parenting.
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23. Common Parenting Styles
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24. When Relationships Falter
Broken relationships usually begin with a change in communication.
If a partner changes the amount of time spent together without seeking the understanding of the other, it might be a sign of hidden problems.
In troubled relationships, honest and verbal affection can be used to cover up irresponsible or hurtful behavior.
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25. Confronting Couples Issues
Jealousy in Relationships
An aversive reaction evoked by a real or imagined relationship involving one's partner and a third person
Changing Gender Roles
Our modern society has very few gender-specific roles.
Sharing Power
Power dynamics between women and men have shifted.
Compared to their husbands, 22 percent of women have higher incomes and 81 percent have a higher or equal education level.
Unmet Expectations
Partners in healthy relationships can communicate wants and needs and have healthy discussions when things aren't going as planned.
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26. Healthy vs. Unhealthy Relationships
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27. When and Why Relationships End
Why do relationships end? Reasons include
Illness
Financial concerns
Career problems
Personal conflicts
Unmet expectations
Difference in sexual needs
Conflict, negative interactions, and lack of respect
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28. Coping with Failed Relationships
Acknowledge that you've gone through a rough spot.
Let go of negative thought patterns.
Explore the new person you want to be while reconnecting with your old self.
Make a promise to yourself: no new relationship until you have moved past the last one.
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29. Your Sexual Identity: More Than Biology
Sexual identity is the recognition of oneself as a sexual being and is determined by a complex interaction of factors.
All eggs carry an X chromosome.
Sperm carry an X or a Y chromosome.
A Y sperm results in a male embryo; an X sperm results in a female embryo.
Intersexuality occurs when chromosomes are added, lost, or rearranged, and the sex of the offspring is not clear.
Male gonads are the testes; female gonads are the ovaries.
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30. Your Sexual Identity: More Than Biology (cont.)
Sex hormones play a major role in puberty.
Male hormone—testosterone
Female hormone—estrogen, progesterone
Pituitary gland—gonadotropin
Secondary sex characteristics
Gender: The psychological condition of being feminine or masculine as defined by the society in which one lives
Gender roles
Gender-role stereotyping
Androgyny
Gender identity
Transgendered
Transsexual
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31. Sexual Orientation
A person's enduring emotional, romantic, sexual, or affectionate attraction to other persons
Heterosexual
Homosexual
Bisexual
Gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons are often targets of hate crimes, discrimination, and hostility.
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32. ABC News Video: Celebrities Coming Out, Casually
Discussion Questions
How do you feel about knowing intimate details of celebrities' lives? Is our obsession with the personal details of celebrities largely beneficial or negative? Provide examples in your discussion.
Discuss how knowing celebrities' personal choices and decisions impact and foster a community of young people who are more accepting of differences.
Name two to three historical events that have helped shape the acceptance of LGBTQ individuals in the past years.
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33. Female Reproductive System
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34. Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
The Onset of Puberty and the Menstrual Cycle
Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone
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35. Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology (cont.)
Menarche
First menstrual period
Generally between ages 9 and 17
Body fat influences onset of puberty.
Menstrual Cycle
Usually 28 days long
Proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases
Menstrual Problems
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
Dysmenorrhea
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
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36. Hormonal Control and Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
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37. Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Menopause
It is the permanent cessation of menstruation.
It generally occurs between ages 40 and 60.
Menopause is accompanied by decreased vaginal lubrication, hot flashes, headaches, dizziness, and joint pain.
Onset symptoms can be ameliorated by hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
Results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) suggest that hormone therapy may actually do more harm than good.
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38. Male Reproductive System
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39. Human Sexual Response
Regardless of the type of sexual activity (partner or self-stimulation), the response stages are the same and include
Excitement/arousal—vasocongestion
Plateau phase—nipples and penis erect
Orgasmic phase—muscles contract
Resolution phase—profound relaxation
Refractory period—genital organs return to their pre-arousal state
Men and women experience the same stages, but length of time spent in any one stage varies.
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40. Expressing Your Sexuality Sexual Behavior: What Is "Normal"?
Some common sociocultural standards for sexual behavior commonly held in Western culture today include the following:
The coital standard
The orgasmic standard
The two-person standard
The romantic standard
The safer sex standard
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41. Options for Sexual Expression
Celibacy—avoidance or abstention from sex
Autoerotic behaviors—sexual fantasy and masturbation
Kissing and erotic touching—erogenous zones
Manual stimulation—use of sex toys
Oral-genital stimulation
Cunnilingus—oral stimulation of the female's genitals
Fellatio—oral stimulation of the male's genitals
Vaginal intercourse—insertion of the penis into the vagina
Anal intercourse—insertion of the penis into the anus
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42. Responsible and Satisfying Sexual Behavior
Healthy and responsible sexuality includes
Good communication as the foundation
Acknowledging that you are a sexual person
Understanding the sexual structures and their functions
Accepting and embracing your gender identity and your sexual orientation
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43. Variant Sexual Behavior
Variant sexual behavior describes sexual behaviors that most people do not engage in. These include
Group sex
Transvestism
Fetishism
Exhibitionism
Voyeurism
Sadomasochism
Pedophilia
Autoerotic asphyxiation
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44. Types of Sexual Dysfunction
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45. Sexual Dysfunction
The reproductive system, like other body systems, can malfunction.
Causes may overlap and can include the following:
Biological/medical factors
Substance-induced factors
Psychological factors
Social context factors
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46. Drugs and Sex Alcohol can inhibit sexual response.
An increasing number of young men are experimenting with the recreational use of drugs to treat erectile dysfunction.
Viagra
Cialis
Levitra
"Date rape" drugs are a growing concern.
Good sex should not depend on chemical substances.
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