1. Chapter Fourteen Interceding to Prevent the Bad and Enhance the Good Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

2. Prevention  Primary prevention: - “Stop the bad before it happens”  Secondary prevention: - “Fix the problem” Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

3. Enhancement  Primary enhancement: - “Make life good.”  Secondary enhancement: - “Make life the best possible” Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

4. Primary and Secondary Prevention Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

5. Primary Prevention  Actions that lesson or remove the likelihood of future psychological difficulties or physical problems  no problems, yet  Problems will appear if action is not taken Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

6. Primary Prevention  Universal prevention  Selective prevention  Based on hope for the future Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

7. Effective Primary Prevention  Components should include: 1. provision of knowledge of risky behavior 2. attractive program 3. motivational 4. change norms/social structures 5. gather data Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

8. Effective Primary Prevention  Active ingredients in the change process: 1. inclusion of parents 2. focus on interpersonal interaction 3. cognitive-behavioral interventions Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

9. Effective Primary Prevention  Examples: - Head Start - Parent Training - Problem-Solving with Youth - Physical Health in the Elderly Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

10. Challenges of Primary Prevention  illusion of uniqueness  difficulty convincing others of program effectiveness  lag time in publication Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

11. Secondary Prevention  addressing problems as they begin  goal = eliminate, reduce, or contain problem  Psychotherapy - over 400 types Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

12. Effectiveness of Secondary Prevention  Psychotherapy: - consistent evidence of efficacy - evidence-based treatments - on average, 34% better off - self-reported client satisfaction Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

13. Components of Secondary Prevention  Psychotherapy: - Hope underlies the process - agency process - pathways process Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

14. Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults from Traditional Psychology  Self-Management Approaches: - Bandura’s self-efficacy model - Meichenbaum’s self-instructional training - Kanfer’s 3-stage self-control model  Psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, family systems, medication Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

15. Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults from Positive Psychology  Seligman’s Attributional Retraining or Learned Optimism Therapy: A = Adversity B = Belief C = Consequence D = Disputation Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

16. Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults from Positive Psychology  Hope Therapy: - for individuals, couples, & groups - probe for goals in various domains - select a domain to work on - clarify goals, define pathways, develop motivation - anticipate obstacles with back-up routes Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

17. Examples of Secondary Prevention Programs  For: - Racial and Ethnic Minorities - Children - Elderly Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

18. Caveats About Secondary Prevention Programs  Stigma linked to psychotherapy  Prolong treatment until problem is severe  Positive psychology to lessen stigma! Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

19. Primary Enhancement  Effort to establish optimal functioning and satisfaction  Maximize hedonic well-being - maximize pleasure  Maximize eudemonic well-being - setting/reaching goals Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

20. Primary Enhancement  Evolutionary Premise: - pleasure related to propagation: - close interpersonal ties - mating  Happiness stems from: 1. safe/supportive living environment 2. fertile environment/productive of food 3. stretching of body via exercise 4. pursuit of meaningful work goals Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

21. Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health  Most powerful sources of well-being: - relationships with lovers, family, friends  Engage in shared activities  Engage in arousing/novel activities  Intrinsically motivated activities  Close proximity to family Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

22. Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health  Happiness from religion and spiritual relationships: - related to higher hope - social contacts - relationship with a higher power Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

23. Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health  Happiness from: - gainful employment - leisure/recreation - contentment/contemplation - concentrative meditation Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

24. Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health  Happiness via Savoring: - thoughts/actions aimed at appreciating & amplifying the positive (see pg. 371) - 3 temporal forms 1. Anticipation 2. In the moment 3. Reminiscing Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

25. Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health  Positive emotion-inducing activities based on broaden-and-build model Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

26. Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health  Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) - by Stephen Illardi, University of Kansas - to prevent depression & enhance happiness - exercise, omega-3 supplements, light exposure, decreased rumination, good sleep, social support Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

27. Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health  Gratitude Letter Delivery  3 Good Things  Examination of Character Strengths Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

28. Primary Enhancement: Physical Health  Exercise: - benefits of short-term vs. long-term - links to many positive health outcomes Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

29. Secondary Enhancement  Goal = augment already-positive levels  Peak psychological moments  Psychological group experiences  Existentialist contemplation of life’s meaning  Normal competitions Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

30. Secondary Enhancement  Goal = augment already-positive levels  Collective triumphs  Helping others/volunteering  Observations resulting in elevation/awe  Via the arts Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE

31. Secondary Enhancement  Secondary physical enhancement = - goal = attainment of peak levels of physical health - beyond those of well-conditioned people - far surpass those who engage in regular exercise Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE