1. Toxicity of Chemicals in the Environment. Accidents with Chemicals

2. Persistent Organic Pollutants (The Dirty Dozen) As Listed in Stockholm Convention http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/ListingofPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx

3. Annex B and C in Stockholm Convention

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants

5. DDT Register http://chm.pops.int/Implementation/Exemptions/AcceptablePurposesDDT/tabid/456/Default.aspx Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Venezuela, Yemen, Republic of, Zambia Production Notification Received Ethiopia, India, Namibia Use Notification Received

6. http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/malaria_map.jpg

8. Delaney Clause

9. December 3, 1984, Bhopal, India 40 tons of methyl isocyanite from pesticide plat 5,000 deaths 200,000 injures(Chem. Eng. News) Caused by: Bad technological design Poor management Ignorance of bad safety record Inadequate education and training of workforce Nonexisting emergency system As many as 25,000 residents of Bhopal, India, died in the aftermath of a gas leak at a pesticide factory that was owned by a subsidiary of Union Carbide - See more at: http://collegecornerz.blogspot.com/2012/07/london-assembly-says-dow-sponsorship.html International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal http://www.bhopal.net/ Bhopal Disaster http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/tox ics/justice-for-bhopal/

10. Who Was the Parent Company? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Carbide The chemical factory responsible for this disaster belonged to Union Carbide, which negotiated a settlement with the Indian Government in 1989 for $470 million - a total of only $370 to $533 per victim - a sum too small to pay for most medical bills. http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/campaigns/toxics/justice-for- bhopal/

11. Health Effects of Methyl Isocyanite (MIC) According to a 2002 study by the Fact Finding Mission on Bhopal, many of Union Carbide’s most dangerous toxins can now be found in the breast milk of mothers living around the factory. Yet Dow Chemical, Union Carbide’s new owner, has suggested that the polluted, not the polluter, should pay for any cleanup. http://www.bhopal.net/what-happened/that-night-and-aftermath/ Deteriorating portion of the MIC plant, decades after the gas leak. Contributor to ongoing contamination

12. April 26, 1986, Chornobyl, Ukraine the result of a flawed reactor design that was operated with inadequately trained personnel. The resulting steam explosion and fires released at least 5% of the radioactive reactor core into the atmosphere and downwind – some 5200 PBq. Two Chernobyl plant workers died on the night of the accident, and a further 28 people died within a few weeks as a result of acute radiation poisoning UNSCEAR* says that apart from increased thyroid cancers, "there is no evidence of a major public health impact attributable to radiation exposure 20 years after the accident.“ Resettlement of areas from which people were relocated is ongoing http://rt.com/news/155072-chernobyl-images-now-then/ *United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/chernobyl-accident/

13. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and- Security/Safety-of-Plants/Appendices/Chernobyl- Accident---Appendix-1--Sequence-of-Events/ Sequence of Events Chernobyl then and now: 28 haunting images from nuclear disaster http://rt.com/news/155072-chernobyl-images-now- then/

14. Is Nuclear Power the Only Way to Obtain Energy Without Contributing to Global Warming?

15. Safer process (blowing polystyrene with N 2 or CO 2 instead of pentane; BASF plant in Germany) Regular facility monitoring (ultra sound corrosion detection, Geismar, Louisiana) Appropriate employee training (Texaco refinery; Shell Chemical’s Belpre, Ohio) BP’s Texas City refinery: 43 deaths in 33 years - aging infrastructure; - overzealous cost cutting; - inadequate design; - risk blindness; How to eliminate those accidents completely??? Accidents with Flammable Gases in Petrochemical Industry

16. http://www.abubakershekhani.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/renewable.jpg http://assets.caffesociety.co.uk/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/p/a/p aper-bag.jpg http://www.infobarrel.com/media/image/23502.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_90l1nZPnIsk/SoC6Az1AvpI/AAAAAAAAAHo/Qt-DkVIoUCo/s1600-h/CoolChangeSpringWater- bottle_biodegrading.jpg

17. Oil Spills Prevention http://www.pwsrcac.org/wp-content/uploads/2-IMG_5861.jpg Tanker and escort in Prince William Sound Tugs escort tankers The U.S. Coast Guard follows traffic with radar Reduced speeds are required Traffic restrictions are tighter in bad weather Better equipment and training have made it safer to miss icebergs A harbor pilot assists navigation The use of alcohol and drugs is prohibited and random testing is done

18. Key Issues with Petrochemical Industry Lack of management leadership The significant role of human errors Inadequate design of the work environment Absence of procedures for dealing with abnormal operations Loss of valuable information from earlier minor incidents The potential economic return Transferability of good abnormal situation performance to other plants The importance of teamwork and job design

19. U.S. Toxic Release Inventory www.epa.gov/tri