1. Compounds and Their Bonds Covalent Bonds Covalent Compounds Bond Polarity Polyatomic Ions

2. Covalent Bonds Formed between two nonmetals in 14, 15, 16, and 17 Nonmetals have high electronegativity values Electrons are shared single bond shares one pair electrons double bond shares two pairs electrons triple bond shares three pairs electrons

3. Learning Check C1 Indicate whether a bond between the following would be 1) Ionic2) covalent ____A. sodium and oxygen ____B. nitrogen and oxygen ____C. phosphorus and chlorine ____D. calcium and sulfur ____E. chlorine and bromine

4. Solution C1 Indicate whether a bond between the following would be 1) Ionic2) covalent _1_A. sodium and oxygen _2_B. nitrogen and oxygen _ 2_C. phosphorus and chlorine _1_D. calcium and sulfur _2_E. chlorine and bromine

5. Covalent Bonds Two nonmetal atoms form a covalent bond because they have less energy after they bonded H  +  H H : H = H  H = H 2 hydrogen molecule

6. Diatomic Molecules Gases that exist as diatomic molecules are H 2, F 2, N 2, O 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 octets          N  +  N   N ::: N  triple bond

7. Learning Check C2 Use the name of the element to name the following diatomic molecules? H 2 hydrogen N 2 nitrogen Cl 2 _______________ O 2 _______________ I 2 _______________

8. Solution C2 Use the name of the element to name the following diatomic molecules? H 2 hydrogen N 2 nitrogen Cl 2 _______________ O 2 _______________ I 2 _______________

9. Covalent Bonds in NH 3 Bonding pairs H  H : N : H  Lone pair of electrons

10. Naming Binary Covalent Compounds Two nonmetals Name each element End the last element in -ide Add prefixes to show more than 1 atom Prefixes mon1 penta5 di2hexa6 tri3 tetra4

11. Learning Check C3 CO carbon ______oxide CO 2 carbon _______________ PCl 3 phosphorus _______chloride CCl 4 carbon ________chloride N 2 O_____nitrogen _____oxide

12. Solution C3 CO carbon monoxide CO 2 carbon dioxide PCl 3 phosphorus trichloride CCl 4 carbon tetrachloride N 2 Odinitrogen monoxide

13. Learning Check C4 A.P 2 O 5 1) phosphorus oxide 2) phosphorus pentoxide 3) diphosphorus pentoxide B.Cl 2 O 7 1) dichlorine heptoxide 2) dichlorine oxide 3) chlorine heptoxide C. Cl 2 1) chlorine 2) dichlorine 3) dichloride

14. Solution C4 A.P 2 O 5 3) diphosphorus pentoxide B.Cl 2 O 7 1) dichlorine heptoxide C. Cl 2 1) chlorine

15. Electronegativity Values The attraction of an atom for electrons is its electronegativity value Fluorine has the highest electronegativities F = 4.0, O = 3.5, Cl = 3.0, N = 3.0 C = 2.5, P = 2.1 The metals have low electronegativities Mg = 1.2, Ca = 1.0, Na = 0.9, K = 0.8

16. Bond Polarity: Nonpolar Nonpolar covalent bond Electrons are shared between atoms with the same electronegativity values. Difference = 0 Examples: N 2 = 3.0 - 3.0 = 0 Br 2 =2.8 - 2.8 = 0

17. Bond Polarity: Polar Polar covalent bond Electrons are shared between atoms with different electronegativity values. Difference 0.1 to 1.6 Examples: O-Cl (3.5-3.0)= 0.5 O-S (3.5 - 2.5) = 1.0

18. Bond Polarity: Ionic Ionic bond Electrons are transferred between atoms Difference is greater than 1.6 Examples: NaCl(0.9 - 3.0)= 2.1 KF(0.8 - 4.0)= 3.2

19. Learning Check C5 Identify the type of bond between the following atoms (electronegativity values Na 0.9, K 0.8, N 3.0, Cl 3.0, O 3.5): A. K-N 1) nonpolar2) polar3) ionic B. N-O 1) nonpolar2) polar3) ionic C. Cl-Cl 1) nonpolar2) polar3) ionic

20. Solution C5 Identify the type of bond between the following atoms (electronegativity values Na 0.9, K 0.8, N 3.0, Cl 3.0, O 3.5): A. K-N 3) ionic B. N-O 2) polar C. Cl-Cl 1) nonpolar

21. Polyatomic Ions A group of atoms with an overall charge. NH 4 + ammoniumOH - hydroxide NO 3 - nitrateNO 2 - nitrite CO 3 2- ______________ HCO 3 - hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)

22. More Polyatomic Ions Sulfur SO 4 2- sulfate SO 3 2- sulfite HSO 4 - hydrogen sulfate HSO 3 - hydrogen sulfite Phosphate PO 4 3- phosphate PO 3 3- ____________ HPO 4 2- _______________________________ H 2 PO 4 - dihydrogen phosphate

23. Naming Ternary Compounds Contain at least 3 elements Name the nonmetals as a polyatomic ion Examples: NaNO 3 Sodium nitrate K 2 SO 4 Potassium sulfate Al(HCO 3 ) 3 Aluminum bicarbonate or aluminum hydrogen carbonate

24. Learning Check C6 Match each set with the correct name: A. Na 2 CO 3 1) magnesium sulfite MgSO 3 2) magnesium sulfate MgSO 4 3) sodium carbonate B.Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 1) calcium carbonate CaCO 3 2) calcium phosphate Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 3) calcium bicarbonate

25. Solution C6 A. Na 2 CO 3 3) sodium carbonate MgSO 3 1) magnesium sulfite MgSO 4 2) magnesium sulfate B.Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 3) calcium bicarbonate CaCO 3 1) calcium carbonate Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 2) calcium phosphate

26. Learning Check C7 A. aluminum nitrate 1) AlNO 3 2) Al(NO) 3 3) Al(NO 3 ) 3 B. copper(II) nitrate 1) CuNO 3 2) Cu(NO 3 ) 2 3) Cu 2 (NO 3 ) C. Iron (III) hydroxide 1) FeOH2) Fe 3 OH3) Fe(OH) 3 D. Tin(IV) hydroxide 1) Sn(OH) 4 2) Sn(OH) 2 3) Sn 4 (OH )

27. Solution C7 A. aluminum nitrate 3) Al(NO 3 ) 3 B. copper(II) nitrate 2) Cu(NO 3 ) 2 C. Iron (III) hydroxide 3) Fe(OH) 3 D. Tin(IV) hydroxide 1) Sn(OH) 4