1. Human A&P Warm Up
When the carnival came to town, the local health professionals and consumer groups joined forces to enforce truth-in-advertising laws to protect selected employees of the carnival. They demanded that the fat man, the dwarf, the giant, and the bearded lady be billed as “people with endocrine system problems”. Identify the endocrine disorder in each case and explain how the disorder produced the characteristic features of these four show people.

2. Warm Up continued Fat man Dwarf Giant Bearded lady
T3 & T4 not being produced efficiently
GH deficiency
Hypersecretion of GH
Tumor on the adrenal cortex

3. Objective
We will…….discuss the function of the thyroid gland, parathyroid, ovaries and testes.

4. Video
Nova: Epigenetics

5. Thyroid Gland Found at the base of the throat
Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus
Produces two hormones
Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Slide 9.23a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6. Thyroid Gland Figure 9.6 Slide 9.23b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7. Thyroid Hormone Major metabolic hormone
Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones
Thyroxine (T4) – secreted by thyroid follicles
Triiodothyronine (T3) – conversion of T4 at target tissues
Slide 9.24
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Calcitonin
Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
Produced by C (parafollicular) cells
Figure 9.9
Slide 9.25
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Conditions of Thyroid Gland
Goiter: enlargement of thyroid due to iodine deficiency. Cretinism: Dwarfism coupled with mental retardation; caused by a hyposecretion of T4 Myxedema (hyposecretion in adults): mental and physical sluggishness Graves disease (hypersecretion in adults): high metabolism, intolerance to heat, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, nervous, & agitated

10. Parathyroid Glands Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
Secrete parathyroid hormone
Stimulate osterclasts to remove calcium from bone
Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium
Raise calcium levels in the blood
Slide 9.26
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11. Hormones of the Ovaries
Estrogens
Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics
Matures female reproductive organs
Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
Helps maintain pregnancy
Prepares the breasts to produce milk
Slide 9.36
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12. Hormones of the Ovaries
Progesterone
Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus
Slide 9.37
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13. Hormones of the Testes Produce several androgens
Testosterone is the most important androgen
Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
Required for sperm cell production
Slide 9.38
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14. Conditions of the Reproductive/Endocrine Organs
Hyposecretion of testosterone can cause a male to be sterile.
Hyposecretion of ovarian hormones will reduce a females chances to conceive and bear children.

15. Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs
Parts of the small intestine
Parts of the stomach
Kidneys
Heart
Many other areas have scattered endocrine cells
Slide 9.39
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16. Endocrine Function of the Placenta
Produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy
Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby
Produces HCG in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones
Slide 9.40
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

17. hCG
hCG is the hormone that is detected in pregnancy test sold over the counter.
hCG stimulates the continued production of estrogen and progesterone so that the lining of the uterus does not slough off

18. Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System
Most endocrine organs operate smoothly until old age
Menopause is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries
Problems associated with reduced estrogen are common
Growth hormone production declines with age
Many endocrine glands decrease output with age
Slide 9.41
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

19. Closure
A young girl is brought to the clinic by her father. The girl fatigues easily and seems mentally sluggish. You notice a slight swelling in the anterior neck. What condition do you suspect? What are some possible causes and their treatments?
Hypothyroidism; iodine deficiency----treat with iodine