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Monitoring of leukemic relapse and minimal residual disease after HSCT

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1 Monitoring of leukemic relapse and minimal residual disease after HSCT
Prof. Ilona Hromadníková, Ph.D. Department of Molecular Biology and Cell Pathology Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague Sledování uspesnosti Tx z hlediska mozneho vzniku relapsu, který je nutny vcas zaznamenat, aby se zaclo brzo lecit a byla vetsi sance na uspech. Pro monitorovani pacientu je nutna identifikace molekularnich markeru onemocneni, které by poskytly casny systém varovani před relapsem.

2 Cell chimerism after Tx
immunologic phenomenon, when cells from genetically distinct individuals co-exist in one organism chimerism status influences the course of post-Tx period, frequency and seriousness of GvHD and relapse chimerism follow-up used for evaluation of successful Tx, detection of time engraftment, status of host and donor hematopoiesis Po Tx se tedy sleduje stav bunek, tzv. bunecny chimerismus. Kompletní chimerismus je obvykle spojený s nízkým rizikem relapsu a lepší prognózou.

3 Cell chimerism after Tx
Complete donor chimerism original recipient hematopoiesis is completely replaced with donor hematopoiesis low risk of relapse and better prognosis Mixed chimerism original recipient hematopoiesis co-exists with donor hematopoiesis in lymphohematopoietic tissues

4 Mixed chimerism persisting original hematopoiesis increases risk of relapse often predicts relapse in leukemia transient, stable – lower risk of relapse progressive – increasing portion of patient‘s hematopoiesis, can indicate relapse frequent in non-malignant diseases without myeloablative conditioning regimen, mark of clinical disease improvement detection in PB/BM → examination of highly polymorphic repetitive sequences in human genome using PCR (variable number of tandem repeats – VNTR) first peripheral blood taking 14 and 28 days post transplant and further in month intervals treatment with DLI (donor lymphocyte infusion) – GvHD risk! Přetrvávání příjemcovy hematopoézy zesiluje riziko relapsu, který je hlavní příčinou úmrtnosti po alogenní transplantaci hematopoetických kmenových buněk. Na druhé straně, mohou existovat situace, kdy smíšený chimerismus může být výhodnější než kompletní dárcovský chimerismus. Tady mohou být imunologické výhody stavu smíšeného chimerismu v tak různorodých situacích jako jsou orgánové transplantace, vrozené poruchy metabolismu a imunoterapie solidních nádorů. Sledování chimerismu nám může tedy pomoci hodnotit úspěšnost transplantace, a to především ve smyslu zjištění doby přihojení štěpu průkazem jeho aktivity. V průběhu potransplantačního období nás informuje o stavu vlastní i dárcovské krvetvorby.

5 Determination of polymorphic and sex specific DNA loci for cell chimerism examination after HSCT (IHBT, Prague) → taking of primary samples of uncoagulated peripheral blood and bone marrow, buccal mucosa or nails to get DNA for purposes of: polymorphic DNA loci selection (finding of loci which will be examined in patient post allogeneic HSCT) peripheral blood sampling ( ml) from patient prior to Tx and from the donor post Tx sampling - sample which does not contain blood or hematopoietic tissue (buccal mucosa or nails) chimerism monitoring in patient post allogeneic HSCT peripheral blood sampling ( ml) and/or bone marrow (2 – 5 ml) from the patient in regular intervals (minimally 1.5 x 106 leukocytes/ml) Primární vzorky periferní krve ( ml) se odebírají pacientovi před alHSCT a jeho dárci. Je žádoucí provést odběr ve stavu dostatečné buněčnosti krve pacienta, tj. ještě před zahájením přípravného režimu transplantace. V případě, že nebylo možné zajistit vyšetření informativity u pacienta před alHSCT, odebere se pacientovi po alHSCT primární vzorek, který neobsahuje krevní, či krvetvornou tkáň (stěr buněk vnitřní strany dutiny ústní - bukální sliznice, či nehty). Pokud nebylo možné zajistit vyšetření informativity u dárce (u nepříbuzných dárců z ciziny, když nebyl zaslán primární vzorek periferní krve), primární vzorek dárce pro vyšetření informativity pak nahrazuje výplach transplantačního vaku obsahujícího zbytky převáděných hematopoetických kmenových buněk. Nutným předpokladem úspěšného vyšetření primárního vzorku je přítomnost dostatečného množství jaderných buněk.

6 Examination of postransplant chimerism in molecular biology laboratory
VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) determination of hypervariabile regions MCT-118, APO-B, YNZ-22, etc. using one step PCR and relative quantification of patient and donor hematopoiesis distribution on the basis of standard curve Sex/mismatch - determination of amelogenin gene, SRY, etc. in case of female donor and male recipient and resultless VNTR examination The gene for amelogenin can be used in sex determination of samples from unknown human origin through PCR. Gen na chromozomu X ma jen 106 bp, zatimco gen na chromozomu Y ma 112 bp. Agarosove elfo v pripade zeny XX ukaze pouze jeden band, zatimco u muze XY 2 bendy. The highly polymorphic D1S80 (MCT118) locus has no known genetic function. However, this variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) locus has been highly valuable in forensic identification. Apo-B apolipoprotein B

7 Minimal residual disease (MRD)
presence of tumor cells in organism in amounts undetectable by conventional approaches, in period of complete remission conventional methods : cytology, histology, conventional flow cytometry MRD in the course or after ending the anti-tumor therapy can provide „early warning system“ for disease relapse, thus permitting therapeutic intervention morphologic detection of about 5% of tumor cells necessary to find the difference between tumor and normal cell detailed examination: immunology, cytogenetics and molecular biology → demonstration by specific methods at the time of remission possible immunophenotype change after chemotherapy → false negativity imitation of CALLA+ ALL after chemotherapy: CD10+, CD19+, HLA DR+ cell are drifted out of bone marrow O MRN se mluví zpravidla v průběhu nebo po ukončení protinádorové terapie. podrobné vyšetření nádorové buňky zdánlivě neprinese nic noveho ke zprasneni diagnozy, ale prinosem pro pozdejsi detekci MRN, která je zalozena na detekci odlisnosti nadorove bunky od normalni.

8 Methods of MRD detection
sufficient specifity and sensitivity 1. immunologic methods determination of „relative specifity“ – identification of immunophenotype not occuring in examined tissue Leukemia/ lymphoma % of detection Sensitivity Immunophenotypes pre-B ALL 50-60 CD19/CD13, CD19/CD33, TdT/cIg, TdT/mIg T ALL/NHL 90-95 TdT/cCD3, TdT/CD5, TdT/CD1, cCD3/CD10, cCD3/CD11b, cCD3/CD13, CD7/CD10, CD7/CD11b, CD7/CD13 B NHL > 90 10-2 k/CD20, l/CD20 AML CD13/CD7, CD13/CD19, CD13/TdT, CD33/CD7, CD33/CD19, CD33/TdT, CD34/CD9 určení imunofenotypu nevyskytujícího se ve zkoumané tkáni = napr. Bunky vyskytujici se za fyzilogickych podminke pouze v thymu jsou nalezeny v KD, kde svedci o infiltraci nadorovymi bunkami Tab= prehled detekce MRN u leukemii a lymfomu. Metoda musí byt dostatecne specificka a citliva, aby umoznila detekce nadorove bunky ve velkem mnozstvi zdravych bunek. TdT= enzym terminalni deoxynukleotidyltransferaza Eckschlager, Flow cytometry in clinical practice, 1999

9 Methods of MRD detection
2. methods of molecular biology quantitative RT-PCR leukemia-associated fusion gene analysis detection of clonally specific Ig/TCR gene rearrangements CML detection of Bcr-Abl fusion transcripts – single cell in million of normal PCR positivity untill 9 months post Tx, usually shifts to negativity, risk in patients with T-depleted graft PCR positivity after year post Tx – high risk of relapse DLI effectively induces molecular remission Casna pozitivita u pacientu s nemanipulovanym stepem se obvykle zmeni v negativitu. Ale u pacientu, kteří obdrzeli step bez T lymfo, muze byt pozitivni vysledek rizikem, protože beznou strategii v lecbe MRN je podani DLI. Pozdni pozitivita rizikem u obou Tx.

10 Methods of MRD detection
Acute leukemia immunophenotyping (see the table) PCR – chromosomal abberations – Ig/TCR clonal rearrangements huge diversity of possible Ig/TCR rearrangement in normal lymphoid cells X cells derived from the precursor leukemic clone will carry the same Ig/TCR rearrangement

11 Sensitivity of methods to detect MRD
Principle morphology 1 : 100 morphological differences of tumor cell conventional cytogenetics demonstration of specific chromosomal abberation Southern blot demonstration of specific DNA sequence - chromosomal abberation or mutation FISH 1 : 1000 demonstration of specific DNA sequence - chromosomal abberation immunologic methods 1 : 10000 demonstration of tumor specific antigen or antigen combination PCR 1 : RT-PCR demonstration of specific RNA sequence - chromosomal abberation or mutation Eckschlager, Flow cytometry in clinical practice, 1999

12 Example of clinical report
Blood group A Diagnosis: AML Subtype: secondary FAB: M5 Remission status: CR 2 Cytometry: CD45+, HLA DR+, CD11b+, CD4+, CD33+, CD15+ Chromosomal abberation: trisomy 8, tetrasomy 8 Gene rearrangements: not found Graft: PBSC Donor: MUD, F/25, match 10/10, blood group B Blašková

13 Post Tx examination CHIMERISM:
immunohematol. exam: Erythrocytes have donor and transfusion phenotype. Original anti-B not demonstrated yet. Other findings normal. (repeatedly) DNA polymorphism VNTR: CR reached D+28 MRD : Targets : FLT3/ITD pre Tx : negat. D+28: negat. CYTOGENETICS : pre Tx : normal findings D+28: normal findings

14 Leukemic relapse post Tx
Dependance on: type and status of the disease at time of Tx conditioning regimen GvHD prophylaxis Methods for relapse prediction → minimal residual disease detection, early warning and therapeutical intervention Ačkoliv je alogenní Tx úspěšnou léčbou u pacientu s hematologickými malignitami, často se objevuje leukemicky relaps zavisející na typu a stavu onemocneni v době Tx…metody k predpovedi relapsu by umoznily casny zasah a umoznily by tak zachranu mnoha pacientu a zlepseni pravdepodobnosti dlouhodobeho preziti bez znamek onemocneni

15 Relapse cytogenetical or molecular relapse
abnormality detection using cytogenetics, blotting, PCR not necessarily indicates clinical relapse, but can predict it b) pathologic relapse microscopic demonstration of disease relapse c) clinical relapse clear clinical symptoms of disease relapse

16 Relapse treatment post Tx
prognosis and response to further treatment generally correlate with remission duration some patients achieve complete remission high toxicity of further treatment, especially in case of 2nd Tx

17 Relapse treatment post Tx
Therapeutical possibilities chemotherapy not agressive in relapses until D+100 immunotherapy IFN-a, IL-2, G-CSF, DLI, stopped immunosuppression 2nd Tx not in case of relapse occurs in first year post Tx conditioning regimen: no more TBI an alternative donor choice (i.e. other sibling): impact on GvL effect minimal GvHD prophylaxis – support of GvL effect, graft containing T lymphocytes


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