1. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11 th edition Chapter 10 The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves

2. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Brain Cerebrum –Cerebral hemispheres –Longitudinal fissure –Lobes Diencephalon –Thalamus –Hypothalamus Brain stem –Midbrain –Pons –Medulla oblongata Cerebellum

3. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Brain, sagittal section. Main divisions are shown.

4. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins External surface of the brain, superior view. The division into two hemispheres and into lobes is visible.

5. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 10-1: What are the main divisions of the brain? Question: True or False?: The pons is a part of the brainstem.

6. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: True: The pons is one of three parts of the brainstem

7. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Protective Structures of the Brain and Spinal Cord Meninges –Dura mater Dural sinuses –Arachnoid –Pia mater

8. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Frontal (coronal) section of the top of the head. The meninges and related parts are shown. What is located in the spaces where the dura mater divides into two layers?

9. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 10-2: The meninges are protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord. What are the names of the three layers of the meninges from the outermost to the innermost?

10. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cerebrospinal Fluid Supports nervous tissue, cushions from shock Carries nutrients to cells Transports waste products from cells Produced in ventricles –Choroid plexus –Lateral ventricles –Foramina –Cerebral aqueduct

11. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Black arrows show the flow of CSF from the choroid plexuses and back to the blood in dural sinuses; white arrows show the flow of blood. (The actual passageways through which the CSF flows are narrower than those shown here, which have been enlarged for visibility.) ZOOMING IN Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord?

12. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 10-3: In addition to the meninges, CSF helps to support and protect the brain and spinal cord. Where is CSF produced?

13. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ventricles of the brain. Three views are shown. Which are the largest ventricles?

14. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Cerebral Hemispheres Lobes –Frontal –Parietal –Temporal –Occipital –Insula (within the hemisphere) Cerebral cortex –Gyri –Sulci Central sulcus Lateral sulcus Basal nuclei (basal ganglia) Corpus callosum Internal capsule

15. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins External surface of the brain, lateral view. The lobes and surface features of the cerebrum are visible. What structure separates the frontal from the parietal lobe?

16. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: The cerebral cortex is an arrangement of elevated portions of tissue separated by shallow grooves. What is the name for the elevated portions? a. sulci b. gyri c. villi

17. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: b. gyri Checkpoint 10-4: What are the four surface lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

18. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Functions of the Cerebral Cortex Frontal lobe –Motor area –Speech centers Parietal lobe –Sensory area –Estimation of distances, sizes, shapes Temporal lobe –Auditory area –Olfactory area Occipital lobe –Visual receiving area –Visual association area

19. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Functional areas of the cerebral cortex. What cortical area is posterior to the central sulcus? What area is anterior to the central sulcus?

20. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 10-5: Higher functions of the brain occur in a thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. What is the name of this outer layer of gray matter?

21. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Communication Areas Auditory areas –Auditory receiving –Auditory association –Speech comprehension (Wernicke area) Motor areas –Motor speech (Broca area) –Written speech center Visual areas –Visual language images receiving

22. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Memory and the Learning Process Short-term memory –Information lost unless reinforced Long-term memory –Rehearsal (repetition) –Alertness

23. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Diencephalon Thalamus –Sorts sensory impulses –Directs impulses within cerebral cortex Hypothalamus –Maintains homeostasis –Controls sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system –Influences heartbeat, blood flow, hormone secretion

24. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Regions of the diencephalon. The figure shows the relationship among the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland (hypophysis). ZOOMING IN To what part of the brain is the pituitary gland attached?

25. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 10-6: What are the two main portions of the diencephalon and what do they do?

26. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Limbic System Between cerebrum and diencephalon Involved in emotional states, behavior Involved in learning, long-term memory Stimulates the reticular formation Links functions of cerebral cortex and brain stem

27. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Brain Stem Connects cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord Composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

28. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Midbrain Superior part of brain stem Four masses form superior part of midbrain Reflexes involving eyes and ears Conducts impulses between higher centers of cerebrum and lower centers of pons, medulla, cerebellum, spinal cord

29. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Pons Connecting link between cerebellum and rest of nervous system Some reflexes involving respiration

30. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Medulla Oblongata Respiratory center Cardiac center Vasomotor center Contralateral (opposite side) control

31. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 10-7: What are the three subdivisions of the brain stem?

32. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Cerebellum Three parts –Vermis –Left hemisphere –Right hemisphere Functions –Help coordinate voluntary muscles –Help maintain balance –Help maintain muscle tone

33. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: What portion of the brainstem houses the respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor centers? a. medulla oblongata b. midbrain c. pons

34. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: a. medulla oblongata

35. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The cerebellum. (A) Posterior view showing the two hemispheres. (B) Midsagittal section showing the distribution of gray and white matter. The three parts of the brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata) are also labeled.

36. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 10-8: What are some functions of the cerebellum?

37. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Brain Studies Imaging techniques to study the brain without surgery Computed tomography (CT) scan Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Positron emission tomography (PET)

38. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Electroencephalograph Record electric currents given off by brain nerve cells Study sleep patterns Diagnose disease Locate tumors Study drug effects Determine brain death

39. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: Which brain imaging study shows images of the brain “in action”? a. CT scan b. MRI c. PET scan

40. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: c. PET scan Bonus Question: What does PET stand for?

41. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: Positron emission tomography

42. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disorders of the Brain and Associated Structures Meningitis –Inflammation of brain and spinal cord coverings –Bacterial causes –Viral causes Encephalitis –Inflammation of the brain –Viral causes –Toxic substances causes –Viral vaccine causes

43. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hydrocephalus Abnormal CSF accumulation within brain Causes –Congenital malformation –Tumor –Inflammation –Hemorrhage

44. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Stroke and Other Brain Disorders Stroke –Most common brain disorder Cerebral palsy Epilepsy Brain tumor

45. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 10-9: What is the common term for cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? Checkpoint 10-10: What type of cells are commonly involved in brain tumors?

46. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Injury Head trauma can lead to injury within skull Epidural hematoma Subdural hematoma Intracerebral hematoma Cerebral concussion

47. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Degenerative Diseases Alzheimer disease Multi-infarct dementia Parkinson disease

48. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cranial Nerves 12 pairs Four categories –Special sensory impulses –General sensory impulses –Somatic motor impulses –Visceral motor impulses

49. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cranial nerves. The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are seen from the base of the brain.

50. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Names and Functions of the Cranial Nerves I Olfactory II Optic III Oculomotor IV Trochlear V Trigeminal VI Abducens VII Facial VIII Vestibulocochlear IX Glossopharyngeal X Vagus XI Accessory XII Hypoglossal Your homework tonight is to develop your own, ‘tasteful’ saying that will help you remember the 12 Cranial nerves.

51. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 10-11: How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? Checkpoint 10-12: The cranial nerves are classified as being sensory, motor, or mixed. What is a mixed nerve?

52. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: This cranial nerve is the large sensory nerve of the head and consists of three smaller branches. What nerve is it? a. trochlear nerve b. trigeminal nerve c. abducens nerve

53. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: b. trigeminal nerve

54. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disorders Involving the Cranial Nerves Destruction of optic fibers Damage to hearing nerves Paralysis of muscles Bell palsy Neuralgia

55. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Aging of the Nervous System Decreased brain size and weight Decreased speed of information processing Slowed movements Diminished memory Reduced blood flow to brain

56. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins QUESTIONS?