1. 4.1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 4 Chapter IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

2. 4.2 © 2007 by Prentice Hall IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Computer hardwareComputer hardware  input, processing, output, storage, and delivery Computer softwareComputer software  system software, application software, and enterprise integration As information becomes a valuable resource of the digital firm, the infrastructure used to care for the resource takes on added importance. Infrastructure Components Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

3. 4.3 © 2007 by Prentice Hall IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Data management technologyData management technology  organize and deliver data Networking and telecommunications technologyNetworking and telecommunications technology  data, voice, audio, and video Technology servicesTechnology services  run and manage infrastructure and train users Infrastructure Components Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

4. 4.4 © 2007 by Prentice Hall A computer system consists ofcomputer –a central processing unit, –primary storage, –secondary storage, –input devices, –output devices, –communications devices. Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE

5. 4.5 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Hardware Components of a Computer System p. 4.5 Fig. 4-5 Next

6. 4.6 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Classifying computers depends largely on the computing capacity of the processor and the peripheral devices.Classifying computers depends largely on the computing capacity of the processor and the peripheral devices. a)Personal computer (PC) oincludes desktops, laptops, personal digital assistants, and even cell phones (embedded computers). b)Workstation ohas more computing capacity in its CPU than a typical personal computer. Scientists, engineers, and those working with large graphics files are the main users. Types of Computers IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

7. 4.7 © 2007 by Prentice Hall c)Midrange computers: servers - used primarily for intranets and extranets.servers - used primarily for intranets and extranets. Minicomputers - being replaced by more powerful workstations and personal computers connected together in networks. L argely obsolete term for the midrange computersMinicomputers - being replaced by more powerful workstations and personal computers connected together in networks. L argely obsolete term for the midrange computers d)Mainframe has the necessary power and speed to process thousands and millions of transactionshas the necessary power and speed to process thousands and millions of transactions e)Supercomputer leads the world in terms of processing capacityleads the world in terms of processing capacity Types of Computers IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

8. 4.8 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Types of Computers IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software FLOPS = Floating Point Operations Per Second

9. 4.9 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Types of Computing IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software Grid computingGrid computing oEnables combination of hundreds or thousands of computers into a continuous, connected computing capacity to capture, process, manage, store, and retrieve data Client/server computingClient/server computing oMultitiered (N-tier) client/server architectures oWeb server oApplication server Distributed vs. Central processing

10. 4.10 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Client/Server Computing IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software Figure 4-2 In client/server computing, computer processing is split between client machines and server machines linked by a network. Users interface with the client machines.

11. 4.11 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Client/Server Computing IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software Figure 4-2 In client/server computing, computer processing is split between client machines and server machines linked by a network. Users interface with the client machines. N-tier client/server architecture takes the client/server structure and ramps it up in size to match the computing requirements in large businesses.

12. 4.12 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Storage, Input, and Output Technology IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software Functions of a computer: Input, Process, Output, Storage, Communicate Hardware components

13. 4.13 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Processing IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software The central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in the computer that interprets instructions and processes data contained in computer programs. Controls other parts of computer Components of the CPU: o Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs principle logical/mathematical operations o Control unit coordinates other parts, such as reading a stored program

14. 4.14 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Central Processing Unit The components of the CPU CPU Arithmetic/ Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit

15. 4.15 © 2007 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets The Computer System bit Binary digit Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 1 byte String of bits, usually eight Stores one number or character

16. 4.16 © 2007 by Prentice Hall COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Essentials of Management Information Systems Chapter 6 Managing Hardware and Software Assets Bits and Bytes Figure 6-2

17. 4.17 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Processing IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software Determining Processing Power of the CPU: 1.Clock speed (MHz, GHz) The CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or clock cycles) to execute each instruction. 2.Bus Width (bits) The size of a bus, known as its width, is important because it determines how much data can be transmitted at one time. 3.Wordlength (bits) Number of bits process at the same time 4.Architecture CISC vs. RISC

18. 4.18 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Processing IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software Batch and online processing In Batch Processing, transaction data are keyed into the system as batches. The batches of transaction data are accumulated until a large volume of data can be processed at one time. Batch processing is often used for routine procedures like updating the debtors, creditors accounts and payroll. On-line processing involved keying in directly into the system and instantly been processed into information. Example is the use of product code readers at check-out counters in the supermarkets.

19. 4.19 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Storage IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software Computer storage is classified into primary (main) memory and secondary (peripheral) storage Primary Storage Memory – RAM, ROM Chips RAM is usually volatile. RAM is about 1/4 million times faster than disk. Secondary storage technology Magnetic disk: hard drives, USB flash drives, RAID Magnetic tape Optical disks: CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD Storage networking: SANs

20. 4.20 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Storage IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

21. 4.21 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Input IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software Input devices gather data and convert them into electronic form  Text input devices Examples: Keyboard, Handwriting recognition, Optical character recognition, Speech recognition, Switch Access, Chorded keyboard, Keyer, Telegraph key  Pointing devices Examples: mouse, Trackball, Joystick, Touch screen, Trackpoint, Pointing stick, Touchpad, Light pen, Graphics tablet  Image, video input devices Examples: Image scanner, 3D scanner, Digital camera, Webcam  Audio input devices Examples: Digital dictaphone, Microphone, Digital audio recorder

22. 4.22 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Output IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software Output devices display data after they have been processed Common output devices include Earphones, Projectors, computer displays, printers and speakers.

23. 4.23 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Contemporary Hardware Trends IT Infrastructure: Computer Hardware Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software Integration of computing and telecommunications platforms Edge computing Autonomic computing

24. 4.24 © 2007 by Prentice Hall A set of instructions (program) that controls the operation of a computer. Software IT Infrastructure: Computer Software Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software The Major Types of Software Systems Systems Applications Applications

25. 4.25 © 2007 by Prentice Hall The system software manages the basic operations of the computer and controls the equipment associated with it. Types of Systems Software: Operating systems software Utility programs Language translators System Software IT Infrastructure: Computer Software Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

26. 4.26 © 2007 by Prentice Hall The software that manages and controls the computer’s activities Types: GUIs vs. Command driven OS single program vs. multiple program OS Some terms: multitasking, multithreading, multiprocessing, virtual machines Operating System Software IT Infrastructure: Computer Software Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

27. 4.27 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Utility software (also known as service program, service routine, tool, or utility routine) is designed to help manage and tune the hardware and software. Examples Disk defragmenters. System Profilers such as backup programs Virus scanners. Compression software Utility Programs IT Infrastructure: Computer Software Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

28. 4.28 © 2007 by Prentice Hall A program that translates between high-level languages is usually called a language translator, source to source translator, or language converter. Compiler translates source code in bulk into object code Interpreter translates source code line-by-line into object code Language Translators IT Infrastructure: Computer Software Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

29. 4.29 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Application Software and Desktop Productivity Tools Application programming languages for business Examples: COBOL, C, C++, VB Fourth-generation languages Software packages and desktop productivity tools Word processing software Spreadsheets Data management software Presentation graphics Integrated software packages and software suites E-mail software Web browsers Groupware IT Infrastructure: Computer Software Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

30. 4.30 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Java Operating system-independent, processor- independent, object-oriented programming language Leading interactive programming environment for the Web Hypertext markup language (HTML) Page description language for specifying how elements are placed on a Web page and for creating links to other pages and objects Software for the Web: Java and HTML IT Infrastructure: Computer Software Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

31. 4.31 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Legacy systems: replace or integrate? Middleware Enterprise application integration (EAI) software Web services and service-oriented architecture XML SOAP WSDL UDDI SOA Software for Enterprise Integration IT Infrastructure: Computer Software Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software

32. 4.32 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) Versus Traditional Integration IT Infrastructure: Computer Software Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software Figure 4-9 EAI software (a) uses special middleware that creates a common platform with which all applications can freely communicate with each other. EAI requires much less programming than traditional point-to-point integration (b).

33. 4.33 © 2007 by Prentice Hall Managing Hardware and Software Technology Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 4 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software Capacity planning and scalability Total cost of ownership (TCO) of technology assets Using technology service providers Outsourcing On-demand computing Application service providers (ASPs) Important issues faced by managers of hardware and software technology: