1. Chapter 4 Organ Systems of the Body

2. Definitions and Concepts
Organ—a structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than can any tissue alone
Organ system—a group of organs arranged in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than can any organ alone
A knowledge of individual organs and how they are organized into groups makes more meaningful the understanding of how a particular organ system functions as a whole

3. Organ Systems Integumentary system Structure—organs Skin Hair Nails
Sense receptors
Sweat glands
Oil glands

4. Organ Systems Integumentary system Functions Protection
Regulation of body temperature
Synthesis of chemicals
Sense organ

5. Organ Systems
Skeletal system (Figure 4-3)
Structure
Bones
Joints

6. Organ Systems Skeletal system Functions Support
Movement (with joints and muscles)
Storage of minerals
Blood cell formation

7. Organ Systems Muscular system Structure Muscles Voluntary or striated
Involuntary or smooth
Cardiac

8. Organ Systems Muscular system Functions Movement
Maintenance of body posture
Production of heat

9. Organ Systems Nervous system Structure Brain Spinal cord Nerves
Sense organs

10. Organ Systems Nervous system Functions Communication Integration
Control
Recognition of sensory stimuli
System functions by production of nerve impulses caused by stimuli of various types
Control is fast-acting and of short duration

11. Organ Systems Endocrine system Structure Thymus gland Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries (female)
Testes (male)
Endocrine system
Structure
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands

12. Organ Systems Endocrine system Functions
Secretion of special substances called
hormones directly into the blood
Same as nervous system—communication, integration, control
Control is slow and of long duration

13. Organ Systems Endocrine system Functions
Examples of hormone regulation
Growth
Metabolism
Reproduction
Fluid and electrolyte balance

14. Organ Systems Cardiovascular (circulatory) system Structure Heart
Blood vessels

15. Organ Systems Cardiovascular (circulatory) system Functions
Transportation
Regulation of body temperature
Immunity (body defense)

16. Organ Systems Lymphatic and immune systems Lymphatic system Structure
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Thymus
Spleen

17. Organ Systems Lymphatic and immune systems Lymphatic system Functions
Transportation
Immunity

18. Organ Systems Lymphatic and immune systems Immune system Structure
Unique cells
Phagocytes
Secretory cells
Specialized protein compounds
Antibodies
Complements

19. Organ Systems Lymphatic and immune systems Immune system Functions
Phagocytosis of bacteria
Chemical reactions to provide protection

20. Organ Systems Respiratory system Structure Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

21. Organ Systems Respiratory system Functions
Exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen in the lungs
Area of gas exchange in the lungs called alveoli
Filtration of irritants from inspired air
Regulation of acid-base balance

22. Organ Systems Digestive system Structure Primary organs
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anal canal
Digestive system
Structure
Primary organs
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach

23. Organ Systems Digestive system Structure Accessory organs Teeth
Salivary glands
Tongue
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Appendix

24. Organ Systems Digestive system Functions
Mechanical and chemical breakdown
(digestion) of food
Absorption of nutrients
Undigested waste product that is eliminated is called feces
Appendix is a structural but not a functional
part of digestive system
Inflammation of appendix is called appendicitis

25. Organ Systems Urinary system Structure Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder
Urethra

26. Organ Systems Urinary system Functions
“Clearing” or cleaning blood of waste
products—waste product excreted from body
is called urine
Electrolyte balance
Water balance
Acid-base balance
In male, urethra has urinary and reproductive functions

27. Organ Systems Reproductive system Structure Male Gonads—testes
Genital ducts—vas deferens, urethra
Accessory organ—prostate
Supporting structures—genitalia (penis and scrotum)

28. Organ Systems Reproductive system Structure Female Gonads—ovaries
Accessory organs—uterus, uterine
(fallopian) tubes, vagina
Supporting structures—genitalia (vulva), mammary glands (breasts)

29. Organ Systems Reproductive system Functions Survival of species
Production of sex cells (male: sperm; female:
ova)
Transfer and fertilization of sex cells
Development and birth of offspring
Nourishment of offspring
Production of sex hormones

30. Integration of Body Organ System Functions
No one body system functions entirely independently of other systems
All body systems are structurally and functionally interrelated and
interdependent

31. Organ Replacement
Loss of function in nonvital organs is not immediately life threatening; loss of function
in vital organs is immediately life threatening
Loss of function in organs can be treated by organ replacement
Artificial organs (prostheses)
Organ transplantation
Free-flap surgery
Stem cell treatment