1. Language Contact

2. Pidgins Creoles Regional Dialects Minority Dialects Indigenized Varieties

3. Chinese for ‘business’ Portuguese ‘crioulo’
PIDGINS & CREOLES
Chinese for ‘business’ Portuguese ‘crioulo’
Note that the words "pidgin" and "Creole" are technical terms used by linguists, and not necessarily by speakers of the language.
For example, speakers of Jamaican Creole call their language "Patwa" (from patois) and speakers of Hawai`i Creole English call theirs "Pidgin."

4. Pidgins & Creoles
Pidgin – A simplified and distinct linguistic code (language?) that helps facilitates trading in settings where 2 or more languages come together.
Creole – Created by the children of pidgin speakers with its own grammar. A common primary means of communication (not just for trade, and not secondary, like pidgins) in situations where the speakers in contact are in need of communication

5. Pidgin Characteristics
A (creative) mixture of the languages in contact
Words often from dominant language
Structural features often from the ‘dominated’ or subordinate language
NOT a broken down, baby, lazy, dumb, corrupt language…

6. Pidgin Characteristics (cont’d)
Reduced grammatical structure
Phonology: -CV syllable preferred
Morphology: -Poor affixation
-Reduplication is common
Syntax: SVO pattern preferred
-Articles usually omitted (morpho-syntactic?)
Pragmatics: -Narrower range of functions (than others)
Lexicon: -Limited vocabulary
Semantics: -Semantic extensions (‘grass’ in Korean Bamboo Eng)

7. Possible outcomes of Pidgins
Die out (when original reason for communication diminishes or disappears)
Develop to more formal roles (lingua franca); which is called an ‘expanded pidgin’
Develop into a creole

8. Creoles’ characteristics
(Traditionally) ‘pidgins adopted as the native language’
Often have a (pre)pidgin as the initial state
Usually originated in the social context of plantations with slaves (especially classic creoles)
Nativization
Verb conjugation in relation to aspects usually marked by "auxiliaries"
Often classified as ‘English/French/Spanish…based’
Note: similarities among Creoles worldwide may be due to innate properties of human minds or the similar social contexts or structural similarities among the languages in contact.

9. POSSIBLE PROCESS Contact between different peoples/languages
Pre-pidgin jargon
Pidgin
Creole
Dominant language(SC?) ‘Pure creole’ (Haiti?)
(postCreole continuum)
Miscommunication
Nativization
Decreolization Hypercreolization

10. ACTUAL CREOLES & PIDGINS
Expanded Pidgins
Creoles
Chinook Jargon (NW USA)
Krio
(Sierra Leone)
Guyanese Creole
(French-based)
Sango
(W.Central Afr.)
Pidgin English
(Nigeria)
Haitian Creole
Pidgin Fr. & Eng. (Vietnam)
Bislama
(Vanuatu)
Caribbean Creole (English-based)
Sabir (Mediterranean)
Tok Pisin
(Papua New Guinea)
Philippines Creole
(Spanish-based)

11.   SPANISH       GULLAH JAMAICAN  

12. Krio (Sierra Leone):
“I gladdee for meet you”
“I gladdee for meet unna”
“me broda and sistardem”

13. Regional Dialect
A regional dialect is not a distinct language but a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country.
Some regional dialects have been given traditional names which mark them out as being significantly different from standard varieties spoken in the same place.
Some examples are "Hillbilly English" (from the Appalachians in the USA) and "Geordie" (from Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK).
University of New England, Australia

14. Indigenized Variety
Indigenized varieties are spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual populations.
The differences from the standard variety may be linked to English proficiency, or may be part of a range of varieties used to express identity.
For example, "Singlish" (spoken in Singapore) is a variety very different from standard English, and there are many other varieties of English used in India.
University of New England, Australia

15. Minority Dialect
Sometimes members of a particular minority ethnic group have their own variety which they use as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety. This is called a minority dialect.
Examples are: African American Vernacular English in the USA, London Jamaican in Britain, Aboriginal English in Australia and BSAE-Black South African English.
University of New England, Australia

16. Language Revival Endangered Languages Hawaiian (Clark, p. 503)
Modern Hebrew – the only example of a dead language being brought back to life.
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda

17. Issues of Language Contact
Identity – wanting it both ways?
Integration vs. separatism
Diversity vs. assimilation
Bilingualism Enthusiasts – seeking a linguistic solution to a social dilemma?
(Rodrigues, p )
Success – mastery of standard English gives power to succeed? (Jones, p. 491)