1. Chapter 121 Carbonyl Compounds II: Chapter 12

2. Chapter 122 Contents of Chapter 12 Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones Naming Adehydes and Ketones Reactivity with Nucleophiles Hydration of Aldehydes and Ketones Acetals and Ketals Skip Grignard Reagents, Hydride Reductions, Reactions With Amines, Conjugate Additions, and Biological Reactions

3. Chapter 123 Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones An aldehydeA ketone or

4. Chapter 124 Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones  IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes Select as the parent compound the longest chain of carbon atoms that contains the functional group. For aldehydes, change the suffix –e of the parent name to –al. Aldehyde carbon is carbon 1.

5. Chapter 125 Nomenclature of Aldehydes

6. Chapter 126 Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones  IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones Select as the parent compound the longest chain of carbon atoms that contains the functional group. For ketones, change the suffix –e of the parent name to –one. Number the chain so that the ketone group gets the lowest number.

7. Chapter 127 Nomenclature of Ketones

8. Chapter 128 Nomenclature of Ketones Note: The IUPAC system retains some common names such as acetone and acetophenone.

9. Chapter 129 Common Names The common name for an aldehyde is derived from the common name of the corresponding carboxylic acid by changing the suffix –ic to –aldehyde.

10. Chapter 1210 Common Names Common names for ketones are derived by naming the two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the carbonyl group, followed by the word ketone.

11. Chapter 1211 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones  Nucleophilic Addition The more sterically-hindered the area around the carbonyl carbon is the less reactive the aldehyde or ketone is with nucleophiles

12. Chapter 1212 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones  Addition of Water Aldehydes Ketones

13. Chapter 1213 Formation of Acetals and Ketals  Addition of one molecule of alcohol to an aldehyde forms a hemiacetal: a hemiacetal

14. Chapter 1214 Formation of Acetals and Ketals  Hemiacetals and hemiketals react further with alcohols to form acetals and ketals.  These reactions are acid catalyzed. 1,1-dimethoxyethane (a dimethyl acetal) a hemiacetal

15. Chapter 1215 Formation of Acetals and Ketals a hemiketal 2,2-diethoxypropane (a diethyl ketal)

16. Chapter 1216 Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones Oxidizing agents commonly used to oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids are potassium permanganate and chromic acid