1. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1 CHAPTER 11 Gender, Age, and Health Section 1: Gender Section 2: Age and Disability Section 3: Health

2. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 2 Objectives:  Analyze how gender roles affect the opportunities available to men and women in society.  Explain how gender roles are affected by socialization. Section 1: Gender

3. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON What’s the difference between sex and gender?  Sex is your biological identity which are the same in all societies.  Gender are your behavioral and psychological traits which are appropriate for men and women. Gender traits are socially created, different from culture to culture 3

4. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Gender Roles and Identity  Gender roles- specific behaviors and attitudes established by society for men and women  Gender identity- awareness of being masculine or feminine as those traits are defined by culture. How is it formed, and how does it influence our behavior? 4

5. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Between Cultures  Most societies have similar divisions of labor between men and women, but differences among Tchambuli, Mundugumor, etc. show that gender roles are socially created rather than biologically based. 5

6. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Gender Identity and Socialization  Interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of their society  Agents of Gender Socialization  Family: Begins at birth (clothing, nursery, toys)  School/Peers/Media: classes, activities, TV, career/marriage  Adult: Peer Groups/Media 6

7. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Gender roles and Social Inequality  Why, in most societies, are women in a position of lesser power? How does that happen?  Dates back to primitive societies. Women reproduce, stay close to home. Men hunt and fight which is dangerous therefore more prestigious and gives a more powerful status.  Patriarchy- system in which men are dominant over women 7

8. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Gender roles and Social Inequality  Why does this still exist in Industrialized countries?  Conflict Theory- through male control of the economic and political spheres of society, men have established laws and customs that protect their dominant position thus blocking women’s access to power 8

9. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Gender Roles and Social Inequality  Why does this still exist in Industrialized countries?  Sexism-the belief that one sex is by nature superior to the other  Institutionalized discrimination  “men possess natural qualities that make them superior to women” justification for male dominance  Self Fulfilling Prophecy- do women pursue positions in male dominated fields such as business/politics 9

10. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON American Women’s Movement  Goal: social, political and economic equality  Seneca Falls Convention: 1 st women’s right’s convention, called for suffrage  Civil Disobedience  19 th Amendment 1920 10

11. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON American Women’s Movement  Betty Friedan The Feminine Mystique: role of wife and mother glorified to keep women in a secondary position in society  1972 Equal Rights Amendment- end discrimination based on sex 11

12. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 12

13. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Women in college  Enrollment: more women than men enter and finish college  Degrees: women have more Bachelor and Masters degrees than men  Doctoral: men still have more professional/doctoral degrees 13

14. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Title IX  No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.  41% of student athletes  Fastest growing women’s sport? 14

15. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Women in the Workforce  Wage gap-75c on the dollar of what men make  Glass ceiling-invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper level positions in business  Second shift-household duties after full day of work 15

16. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Women in Politics  Women are 52% of population but only 17% of Congressmen  Presidential appointments in Cabinet/Supreme Court etc. 16

17. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 17 Objectives:  Discuss the effect that the aging of the population is having on society.  Explain how the aging of the population is affecting the life chances of older Americans. Section 2: Age and Disability

18. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Social Standing  Preindustrial societies-source of knowledge and enforcer of social customs  Industrial Societies-social standing decreases with age 18

19. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Ageism  The belief that one age category is by nature superior to another age category  Stereotypes: sick, poor, slow, etc.  Media perpetuates: sell “old” products 19

20. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Graying of America  2010-13% is 65+ in the U.S.  Graying of America- the phenomenon of the growing percentage of elderly Americans as part of the total U.S. population  Advances in health care and living conditions  Baby Boomers 1946-1964 20

21. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Politics of Aging  AARP-American Association of Retired Persons  Largest special interest group  Politically powerful, lobbies for policies that benefit those 50+  Insurances, health services, financial services, etc. 21

22. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Social Security/Medicare/Medicaid  Dependency ratio-the number of people paying into the system compared to the number of people drawing benefits benefits  3 to 1  Medicare- 65+ health insurance  Medicaid- low income health insurance 22

23. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Effects of Transfer Payments  Some people claim that government transfer payments like Social Security have made older Americans financially secure at the expense of younger generations  9% of those in poverty are 65+  Large discrepancies within that category based on race, gender and age 23

24. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Americans with Disabilities  Minority group  1/5 have a disability, 1/10 have severe disability  Stereotype: incapable of doing productive work  21% overall poverty rate 24

25. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Legislation for Disabled Americans  1975 Education for Handicapped Children  Guarantees children with disabilities a public education geared toward their needs and abilities  1988 Fair Housing Amendment Act  Protection from discrimination in housing 25

26. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Legislation for Disabled Americans  1990 American with Disabilities Act  Illegal to discriminate in hiring, promotion and pay, job training and aids  Illegal to deny public services like transportation  Requires handicapped facilities in public accommodations/transportation  TRS services-text telephones for hearing/speech impaired 26

27. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 27 Objectives:  Describe the state of health care in the United States.  Identify some of the special health-care concerns of various segments of American society. Section 3: Health

28. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 28 Health Care in the U.S.  Focuses on Two Main Issues:  Cost of Health Care – concern over the rapid rise in health care costs  Quality of Health Care – some believe that managed care has decreased the quality of health care  Access to Health Care – distribution of physicians, both geographically and within the medical profession, has limited accessibility to health care Section 3: Health

29. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Costs of Healthcare  Hospital care/short stays/outpatient  Expensive tests: MRIs CATs  Defensive medicine-ordering unnecessary tests due to malpractice lawsuits  Drug Prices: marketing/drug culture/elderly 29

30. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Quality of Health Care  Managed care: HMOs PPOs reduced cost through networks, standardized fees, etc.  Criticism-reduced quality of care, face to face time 30

31. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Access to Health Care  Geographic Location-rural and/ or poor are underserved and have the most health problems  General/Family practitioners-fewer than specialists, pay is less 31

32. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Poverty and Health  Higher infant mortality rate  Higher rates of illness  Poor diet-problems at school  Access to health insurance  Lack of preventative care 32

33. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Private v. Public Insurance  Private: United, Blue Cross/Blue Shield  Premiums  Pre-existing conditions  Have to use networks  Public: Medicare, Medicaid  Tax funded  Not all facilities accept it  44 million stuck between qualifying for medicaid/medicare but can’t afford private 33

34. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON American Medical Association  mission is to promote the art and science of medicine for the betterment of the public health, to advance the interests of physicians and their patients, to promote public health, to lobby for legislation favorable to physicians and patients, and to raise money for medical education. public health lobbypublic health lobby  Support Obamacare 34

35. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome  Caused by HIV virus  1.1 million in U.S., 15% unaware  1 in 4 new HIV cases is 13-24 age group  Death rate, approx. 15,000/year 35

36. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 36 Health Care Concerns Today  Health Insurance – unequal health care exists between public and private insurance programs  Alternative Medicine – is a concern because there are few scientific studies on the effectiveness of alternative treatments  AIDS – has developed into one of the most serious public-health problems in the U.S. and around the world in just two decades Section 3: Health