1. Communication & Personal Identity
Focus Questions
What is the self?
How does communication influence personal identity?
How can you resist destructive patterns in communication with yourself?
What are values and risks of self-disclosing communication?
How can you foster your personal growth?
Communication & Personal Identity

2. Communication & Personal Identity
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Communication & Personal Identity

3. Self, Identity and Multiculture
Communication & Personal Identity

4. Communication & Personal Identity
“Self” is a process. Continuously evolves and changes.
The self consists of perspectives:
Views about ourselves,
about others, and
about social life that changes over time as we interact with others.
自我發展量表 (民80：江南發 )
Communication & Personal Identity

5. The self arises in communication with others
Self is not innate but is acquired (Mead, 1934).
Self-fulfilling prophesy: expectations, judgment of ourselves (internalized labels)
Particular others: parents, siblings, peers
Reflected appraisals: a process of seeing ourselves through the eyes of others
(Significant others)
Generalized others: collection of rules, roles, attitudes
Communicated by people we interact with,
By media,
By institutions: Judicial system, marriage, education system
Communication & Personal Identity

6. Communication with family members
Direct definition: Explicitly told
Identity scripts: Rules of living and identity of a family
Attachment styles: Patterns of parenting; how to approach relationship (next slide)
Secure attachment: Consistent, attentive; self-worth
Fearful attachment: Rejecting, abusive; unworthy of love
Dismissive attachment: Rejecting, abusive; dismissing others as unworthy
Anxious/ambivalent attachment: Inconsistent parenting; assuming others right / self unworthy of love
Communication & Personal Identity

7. Communication & Personal Identity
Attachment Styles
Views of self
Positive
Negative
Secure
Anxious/Ambivalent
Positive
Consistent, attentive; self-worth
Inconsistent parenting; assuming others right / self unworthy of love
Views of others
Negative
Dismissive
Fearful
Rejecting, abusive; dismissing others as unworthy
Rejecting, abusive; unworthy of love
Communication & Personal Identity

8. Communication with Peers
Playmates, classmates, friends, partners…
Reflected appraisals
Social comparisons
Judgment about talents, qualities, abilities…
Self-disclosure
Revelation of personal information about ourselves
Hopes, fears, experiences, perceptions…
The Johari Window: four types of information (knowledge) about us (p. 214)
Communication & Personal Identity

9. Communication & Personal Identity
The Johari Window
Known to self
Unknown to self
Known to others
Open Area
Blind Area
Unknown to others
Hidden Area
Unknown Area
Communication & Personal Identity

10. Communication with society
Four aspects of identity
Race
Gender
Sexual orientation
Socioeconomic level
Other social values
Intelligence, weight (slimness), height…
Communication & Personal Identity

11. Challenges in Communicating with Ourselves
Reflecting critically on social perspectives
Ethical obligation to promote positive social values and a fair social world
Individual & collective efforts to revise social meaning
Seeking personal growth as a communicator
Set realistic goals
Assess yourself fairly (reasonable social comparison)
Self disclose appropriately: safe, gradual, reciprocal
Creative a supportive climate for change
Uppers: who communicates positively about us
Downers: who communicates negatively about us
Vultures: an extreme form of downers; who attacks our self-concepts
Communication & Personal Identity