1. English accents 5. Statistical analysis

2. variables: - linguistic e.g. phonological, syntactic, lexical - non-linguistic e.g. class, sex, age, region, ethnicity, style Can we show associations between linguistic and non-linguistic variables? e.g. between h-dropping and lower social class

3. (h) = h-dropping boysgirls middle class146 working class 8118 in London schoolchildren, 1977: percentage (h)-0 (h)-0 = zero, no [h] (h)-1 = [h] variable variants

4. (-ng) menwomen middle middle class 40 lower middle class 273 upper working class 8168 middle working class 9181 lower working class 10097 Norwich, formal style, percentage [n] (ng)-0 [ŋ] (ng)-1 [n] variable variants

5. (-ng) Norwich, percentage [n] (ng)-0 [ŋ] (ng)-1 [n] word listreading passage formal convers. casual convers. middle 00328 lower middle 0101542 upper working 5157487 middle working 23448895 lower working 296698100

6. (ur) in NYC environment: _C only variants: [ ɜɪ ], [ ɝ ] Labov 1966 age 8-194 20-3924 40-4933 50-5959 60+100 percentage of [ ɜɪ ]

7. (ou) in Milton Keynes (ou)-0,1(ou)-2(ou)-3 4 y.o.563014 8 y.o.335413 12 y.o.28693 care takers 60374 (ou)-0 [o:, oU] (ou)-1 [6U, 6Uã] (ou)-2 [{ÞY] (ou)-3 [{I] GOAT words =100% NB effects of round ing