1. CHAPTER 4 Conservatism, Pt. 2

2. Anti-Communism Since 1917 Opposition to the rise of the Soviet Union and the Communist Ideal – Unites Conservatives of All Types Conservatives dislike communists’ belief in progress, perfectibility, and planning. Conservatives fear that communism is a radical idea that will sweep away useful customs and traditions. Opposition to communism energized conservatives – until 1989 and the fall of the Soviet bloc.

3. Individualist Conservatism New 20 th Century approach to conservatism Wants to conserve neo-classical liberalism Key Neo-Classical Liberal theorists (both Economists) Hayek’s Road to Serfdom (1944) Joseph Schumpeter’s Capitalism, Socialism, & Democracy (1942) Individualist Conservatism is then turned into a conservative “movement” Political architect was William F Buckley Weekly magazine National Review began in 1955 Emerges as a Movement in U.S. After 1964

4. The Rise of Individualist Conservatism in U.S./UK in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s Individualist conservatives started to reinvent the U.S. Republican Party with Barry Goldwater’s run for President in 1964. The first conservative British politician to defend neo-classical liberalism was Keith Joseph in the 1970s. He was the main advisor to PM Margaret Thatcher. Individualist Conservatism – New governments in U.S. & UK in 1979 & 1980 Prime Minister Thatcher (1979-1997) President Reagan & George Bush I (1980-1992)

5. The Rise of Individualist Conservatism in U.S./UK in the 1960s, 1970s UK Conservatism Today Traditional Conservatives (One-Nation Tories) Thatcher used to call them “Wet Handkerchief Conservatives” Individualist Conservatives Traditionalists used to call ‘em “Dry Handkerchief Conservatives” US Conservatism Today (1980-2012) Referred to in text as “Reagan-Rove Coalition” 1. Individualist Conservatives 2. Reagan Democrats (Nixon Democrats) 3. Neo-Conservatives 4. Religious Right

6. Emergence of Individualist Conservative Movement in the U.S. From 1964 - 1980, the new Individualist Conservative Movement battles the old Traditional Conservatives for control of Republican Party. Traditional Conservatives in U.S. Russell Kirk – American version of Oakeshott Known as “Rockefeller Republicans” in U.S. Centrist NY Governor Nelson Rockefeller (1959-1973) Rockefeller Republicans were more “centrist” than most Conservatives today Rockefeller Republicans were more supportive of welfare liberalism than Individualist Conservatives

7. Traditional Conservatism in US President Nixon (1968-1973): More of a Traditional Conservative/Rockefeller Republican than an Individualist President Ford (1973-1976): Also a Rockefeller Republican Chose Nelson Rockefeller as his Vice President in 1973 Few survived the Reagan Revolution (1980). Exceptions: Rhode Island Governor Lincoln Chafee http://ianschwartz.com/2007/10/15/video-lincoln-chafee-to- endorse-barack-obama/ Journalist & Blogger Andrew Sullivan Critiques Republican Party for abandoning Traditional Conservatism Argues for a new strategy in U.S.: libertarianism, support for progressive individual freedoms like Same Sex Marriage, & the pragmatic conservatism of Oakeshott. http://andrewsullivan.thedailybeast.com/

8. Reagan-Rove Coalition 1968 - 2012 Individualist Conservatism (Neo-Classical Liberalism & Economics)‏ Economic Conservatives Friedrich Hayek, Economist Milton Friedman were key influences Individualist, free market conservatism was at the heart of conservative movement. This was aided by the population shift from the northeast to sunbelt (south, southwest)‏ Goldwater and Reagan hailed from the emerging sunbelt (Arizona & Cali)‏ Individualist Conservatism was attractive to growing Suburban South & Southwest Social Conservativism (Cultural Conservatives) Emphasized conservative rejection of cultural liberalism in the 1960s Included middle class and working class voters who were “social conservatives” after 1968 They had been Democrats/Welfare Liberals. When Democrats/Welfare Liberals embraced feminism, affirmative action, anti-war protests, & progressive causes like gay marriage, this Group of Voters switched over to Republican Party Sometimes referred to as “Reagan Democrats” or “Nixon Democrats”

9. Reagan-Rove Coalition 1968 - 2012 Neoconservatism (Irving Kristol, Bill Kristol, Daniel Patrick Moynihan) Disenchanted Welfare Liberals: This movement was started by former Leftists/Democrats such as Irving Kristol & Richard Perle Situated themselves between the Individualist Conservatives and the Religious Right/Cultural Conservative Included in this is a critique of capitalism, as well Hawkish foreign policy & staunch anti-communism in 1980s Neocon declined in 1990s. 9/11 breathed new life into it. The Religious Right ( Ralph Reed, Richard Falwell, James Dobson) Developed first as a social movement after Roe v Wade in 1973 Initial focus was on opposition to abortion Ralph Reed’s Moral Majority significantly enhanced their political program in the 1980s James Dobson’s Focus on the Family significantly enhanced their political in the early 00s

10. Decline of Reagan-Rove Coalition Coalition worked very well for Pres Reagan, Bush I, Bush II Breakdown of Coalition in ‘08 & ‘12 Presidential Elections If so, which of the 4 components is still robust? Individualist Conservatism still strong Social Conservatives (Reagan Democrats) less strong Religious Right & Neoconservatism less strong Need for new coalition, including support for social progressive causes & libertarianism