1. Mackenzie Mitchell BME 281 – Section 2

2.  Evolved for 400 million years  Highly complex  Detects circular and linear polarized light  Most animals have 3 photoreceptors, mantis shrimp have 12

3. Humans 3 photoreceptors Natural/visible light (unpolarized) Mantis Shrimp 12 photoreceptors Visible and ultraviolet light Polarized light (linear and circular)

4.  Ommatidia: long, thin clusters of photoreceptor cells  4 rows of ommatidia in the midband  Sensitive to different wavelengths  Focus light

5.  Focused light is passed through multiple photosensitive R-cells  These cells contain microvilli that filter polarized light  Brain receives visual information

6.  Aluminum nanowire polarizers  Polarization filters  Like microvilli  Current mode CMOS image sensor  Complimentary metal- oxide-semiconductor  Like photosensitive R- cells

7. Small enough to take images of cancer inside the body Cancer is easily detected under polarized light  Structures are disorganized and invasive  Scatter light differently than normal body cells

9. THE PROBLEM Endoscope only allows doctors to see the tissue using his/her eyes (3 photoreceptors) Biopsy, removal of tissue to be tested for cancer, is a necessary follow-up THE POSSIBLE SOLUTION  Attaching a polarization imaging sensor to the endoscope to see what the Mantis Shrimp would see (12 photoreceptors)  Eliminate the need for biopsies

10. Cancerous cells- blue Healthy cells-yellow Areas of uncertainty- all other colors Applied fluorescent dye to the suspect cancer tissue Used the endoscope with the polarization imaging sensor

11. When the doctor is removing the cancer, where will he/she stop cutting the tissue? Areas of uncertainty Lack of depth shown in the image Nanofabrication techniques and nanomaterials need to be more advanced Very expensive technology

12.  Pappas, Stephanie. "Aggressive Mantis Shrimp Sees Color Like No Other." LiveScience. N.p., 23 Jan. 2014. Web.  Safford, Matt. "A Mantis Shrimp Inspires a New Camera for Detecting Cancer." Smithsonian. N.p., 3 Oct. 2014. Web.  Spector, Dina. "No Other Animal In The World Sees Color Like The Mantis Shrimp - And Researchers Finally Know Why." Business Insider. N.p., 23 Jan. 2014. Web.  Yong, Ed. "The Mantis Shrimp Sees Like A Satellite." Phenomena The Mantis Shrimp Sees Like A Satellite Comments. N.p., 23 Jan. 2014. Web.  *York, Timothy. "Bioinspired Polarization Imaging Sensors: From Circuits and Optics to Signal Processing Algorithms and Biomedical Applications." IEEE Xplore. N.p., 20 Aug. 2014. Web.