1. C-Factor Testing

20. Hazen-Williams Formula

21. Pressure vs Elevation

22. Pressure Losses vs Distance

23. “Minor Losses”

24. Hydrant flow picture-0 flow

25. Hydrant flow medium rate

26. Hydrant flow-high rate

27. Pressure loss vs Flow Rate

28. Reynold’s Experiment

29. Sand roughness PVC 1.5 X 10 exp (-3) Copper 3.05 X 10 exp(-2) Steel 2.8 X 10 exp (-2) Lined Cast.1 Cast.2 Concrete.3 Cement.4

30. C factor “A smoothness” coefficient Higher C means Lower losses Depends on material, finishing when new Depends on material, age, chemistry, microbiology when old Minor imperfections, scums, can have a great effect

31. C factor Depends on Diameter Low diameters mean low c-factors Small imperfections are meaningful Turbulence is more widespread

32. C-Factors for 6” pipe Unlined cast 125 Lined Cast 133

33. NEW 30 years Unlined cast 125 Lined cast 133 Scraped cst 116 Pigged cst 104 DICL 149 PVC 150 CPP 150 (Large dia) 70-90

34. C-Factor Test Procedures

35. Long piece of pipe Dead ended so flow is in one direction Known, Constant diameter Minimum of valves, bends, tees, etc