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Introduction to Earth/Environmental Science
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Lab Safety Rules Use lab only with directed by the teacher.
ALWAYS wear safety goggles. Report any accident or incident to the teacher Confine long hair and and loose clothing whenever working with flames or chemicals Never work with chemicals without checking labels. 2
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Lab Safety Rules cont. Never taste substances without teacher’s direction. Place broken glass and disposables in appropriate container. Wash hands before leaving the lab. 3
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What is Earth Science? Earth Science
The name for the group of sciences that deals with Earth and its neighbors in space. 4
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Branches of Earth Science
Astronomy Study of objects past the atmosphere Ex: Stars, moon, comets B. Meteorology Study of the atmosphere Processes of weather and climate Ex: clouds, rain, hurricanes C. Geology Study of materials that make-up the Earth Processes that form and change those materials Ex: rocks, minerals, earthquakes, volcanoes D. Oceanography Study of the oceans Ex: trenches, marine animals
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Earth’s Major Spheres/Systems
Hydrosphere All water on Earth Oceans, rivers, streams, lakes & seas 97% of the water is salt water 3% of water is freshwater Atmosphere Gaseous layers above the surface of Earth Weather and Climate on Earth Makes life possible on Earth
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Biosphere Geosphere/Lithosphere
Beneath both the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere Three Parts Core Mantle Crust Biosphere All organisms on Earth Environments where organisms live
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What is Environmental Science?
The study of how humans use resources and the affect it has on the Earth
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What Environmental Science deals with?
Renewable Resources Plants, animals, water, wind Nonrenewable Resources Coal, oil, natural gas Population Growth Environmental Problems Pollution, global warming Natural Hazards Flooding, droughts, earthquakes
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Scientific Method /Experimental Design
An organized plan for gathering, organizing and communication of information GOAL Solve a problem Better understand something
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Experimental Design Problem/Question What do you want to know?
Research Hypothesis Experiment Test your hypothesis Collect and Analyze Data Conclusion Accept, reject, or modify the hypothesis
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Evolution of a Scientific Idea
Hypothesis An educated guess 2. Theory Extensively tested hypothesis Can be modified with new data Still can be proven wrong 3. Scientific Law Generalized rule to explain observations Summarizes a pattern in nature Ex: Law of Gravity
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Parts of an Experiment Variable Independent Variable
Factor that changes Two types Independent variable Dependent variable Independent Variable Fact YOU change AKA: Manipulated Variable Dependent Variable Factor that changes BECAUSE you changed something AKA: Responding Variable
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Constant Trial Factors that never are changed from test to test
Repeating the experiment 3 times for best result
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Experimental Design Practices
Asking Questions and Defining Problems Developing and Using Models Planning and Carrying Out Investigations Analyzing and Interpreting Data Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Engaging in Argument from Evidence Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information
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Measurement Types LENGTH Straight line distance between two points
How long something is SI unit = meters (m) Tools for finding Meter stick or ruler
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Temperature Amount of heat given off by an object Molecular Motion
How hot or cold something is SI unit = Kelvin (K) ºC, ºF Tools for finding Thermometer
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MASS How much Matter is in an object SI unit: kilogram (kg)
Tools for Finding Balances or scales Note: Mass and Weight are two different things Mass never changes from place to place
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VOLUME Amount of Space an object takes up Units: L, mL, cm3
Tools: graduated cylinder or ruler Three Different Methods for finding Volume Regular object Irregular object Liquid
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Finding Volume Liquids (water) Regular Object (block)
Place the liquid in a graduated cylinder and read the level Regular Object (block) L * W * H Irregular Object (rock) Do Water Displacement Subtract water level without object from water level with object
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Density Mass per unit Volume Unit: g/mL or g/cm3 Formula
Density = mass ÷ volume Density of water is 1 g/mL Less means float More means sink
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